Focal persistence of soil-transmitted helminthiases in impoverished areas in the State of Piaui, Northeastern Brazil

This study aims to describe the prevalence, distribution, and factors associated with soil-transmitted helminthiases (STHs) in rural localities in Piaui, Brazil. Two cross-sectional surveys (n=605 subjects; 172 families) were carried out in order to obtain socio-demographic, anthropometric, spatial and parasitological data. Parasites were evaluated using Kato-Katz and centrifugal sedimentation techniques. Eggs were measured to assess infection with zoonotic Strongylida parasites. Kernel maps were constructed with Q-GIS. The prevalence of hookworm infection was 12.4% (75/605). Other helminthes found were Trichuris trichiura (n=1; 0.2%) and Hymenolepis nana (n=1; 0.2%). The hookworm positivity rate was significantly lower among subjects who had used albendazole when compared with individuals who had not used anthelmintics or had used antiprotozoal drugs in the last 6 months (8/134 [6.0%] vs. 59/415 [14.2%]; p=0.009). A total of 39/172 (22.7%) families had at least one infected member. The association between the number of dwellers and hookworm positivity in the family was present in a logistic regression multivariate model. Assessment of worm burdens showed 92.2% light, 6.2% moderate, and 1.6% heavy infections. Hookworm eggs (n=34) measured 57.2 - 75.4 µm in length and 36.4 - 44.2 µm in width (mean ± SD = 65.86 ± 4.66 µm L and 40.05 ± 1.99 µm W), commensurate with human hookworms. Hotspots suggest that transmission has a focal pattern. STHs persist in impoverished rural areas in Northeastern Brazil where currently available control strategies (mass drug administration) apparently do not allow the elimination of the infection

Occurrence of Haemophilus influenzae child’s conjunctivitis in Rio de Janeiro

Submitted by Alexandre Sousa ([email protected]) on 2014-11-12T17:51:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 analytica_60_68-74.pdf: 179216 bytes, checksum: f3e6bc0a8386ec6f425edb3af647c947 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Alexandre Sousa ([email protected]) on 2014-11-12T17:51:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 analytica_60_68-74.pdf: 179216 bytes, checksum: f3e6bc0a8386ec6f425edb3af647c947 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-12T17:51:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 analytica_60_68-74.pdf: 179216 bytes, checksum: f3e6bc0a8386ec6f425edb3af647c947 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012Universidade Grande Rio. Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas. Rio de Janeiro, Rj, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Vigilância Sanitária. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde. Departamento de Microbiologia. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.O processo infeccioso conhecido como conjuntivite ocorre quando há diminuição da imunidade do hospedeiro ou pela aquisição de um microrganismo mais virulento. Até o nascimento há proteção intrauterina. A microbiota bacteriana é adquirida pela passagem no canal do parto. Uma ampla variedade de agentes infecciosos apresenta alta transmissibilidade e se dá por meio do contato direto com secreções oculares de uma pessoa infectada ou de maneira indireta por meio de superfícies, instrumentos ou soluções contaminadas. É frequente a transmissão nasocomial em escolas e creches, bem como a disseminação secundária no núcleo familiar. Embora se trate de doença geralmente benigna, a rápida disseminação, com comprometimento de um grande número de pessoas, além da falta de diagnóstico etiológico especifica põe em alerta os serviços de saúde. No entanto, epidemias de grande magnitude têm se associado à transmissão de agentes bacterianos, entre eles Haemophilus influenzae, agente infeccioso mais conhecido de meningites e bacteremias infantis. Este trabalho foi realizado com cepas de Hi de crianças com idade de 0 a 3 anos e o predomínio nos isolados foi do HiNT. Nos antibiogramas realizados (difusão do disco em ágar e concentração inibitória mínima-CIM /E-test) houve oito cepas resistentes aos antibióticos: sulfametoxazol-trimetoprima; amoxacilina - ácido clavulânico; ampicilina e ceftriaxona. Dessas, apenas uma apresen-tou resistência para sulfametoxazol-trimetoprima e ampicilina, tendo também a produção deβ-lactamase, que foi determinada pelo método da cefalosporina cromogênica. Estes resultados nos mostram a necessidade de realização da identificação bacteriana, antibiogramae análises moleculares, dentro das normas de controle de qualidade, pela importância dos resultados e consequentemente, suas contribuições para a saúde pública.The known infectious process as conjunctivitis occurs when it has reduction of the immunity of the host or for the acquisition of a more virulent microorganism. Until the birth it has intrauterine protection. The ticket in the canal of the childbirth acquires Microbiota bacterial. An enormous variety of infectious agents presents high transferability and occurs by means of the direct contact with ocular secretions of an infected person or in indirect way by means of surfaces, instruments or contaminated solutions. The nasocominal transmission in schools and day-care centers is frequent, as well as the secondary dissemination in the familiar groups Although if it deals with benign illness generally, the fast dissemination, compromises of a great number of people, beyond the lack of aetiologic diagnosis specifies puts in alert the health services. However epidemics of great magnitude if are associated with the transmission of bacterial agents, between them Haemophilus influenzae infectious agent more known of meningitidis and infantile bacteremia. The main agent on this study was car-ried through with of Hi strain from children with up to 0-3 years and the predominance in the isolated ones was of the HiNT. In resistant the carried through antimicrobial susceptibility test (disc diffusion agar and mini-mal inhibitory concentration-MIC/E-test) it had eight strains to antibiotics: trimethopimsul famethoxazole; amoxicillin-clavulanic acid – ampicillin and ceftriaxone. Of these only one presented resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and ampicillin also having the production of β-lactamase, by the chromogenic cephalosporin method. These results in show the molecular necessity of accomplishment of the bacterial identification, antimicrobial susceptibility test and identification to be carried through inside of the norms of quality control, for the importance of the results and consequently, its contributions for the public health

Parasitoses intestinais e fatores associados no estado do Piauí: uma revisão integrativa

Submitted by JÉSSICA SANTOS ([email protected]) on 2018-07-07T15:22:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ve_Polyanna_Bacelar_et_al_2018.pdf: 216234 bytes, checksum: 48f3d4160653ec63eda2fc4d54ed6aa0 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by JÉSSICA SANTOS ([email protected]) on 2018-07-07T15:34:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ve_Polyanna_Bacelar_et_al_2018.pdf: 216234 bytes, checksum: 48f3d4160653ec63eda2fc4d54ed6aa0 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-07T15:34:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ve_Polyanna_Bacelar_et_al_2018.pdf: 216234 bytes, checksum: 48f3d4160653ec63eda2fc4d54ed6aa0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05Universidade Federal do Piauí. Departamento de Parasitologia e Microbiologia. Teresina, PI, Brasil.Escritório Técnico Regional. Teresina, PI, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Sistemática Molecular. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Sistemática Molecular. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia do Maranhão. Caxias, MA, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Escritório Regional Fiocruz Piauí. Teresina, PI, Brasil.Objetivo: Fornecer e discutir informações detalhadas sobre os fatores associados, prevalência e distribuição das parasitoses intestinais no estado do Piauí, Brasil. Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura na qual foram selecionados estudos científicos sobre parasitoses intestinais, realizados no Piauí, a partir da BVS, PubMed, SciELO e Google Acadêmico. A busca ocorreu no período de 2 e 5 de janeiro de 2018, através da definição dos Descritores em Ciências da Saúde: “Parasitoses”, “Saúde Pública”, “Saneamento Básico”. Dos 1.286 artigos encontrados e após a aplicação dos critérios de inclusão, exclusão e avaliação dos seus conteúdos, 7 foram selecionados. Resultados e Discussão: As populações abrangidas pelas pesquisas foram de indivíduos do sexo masculino e feminino, com faixa etária relativa a crianças com idade de 5 a 14 anos, adolescentes, adultos e idosos com idade igual ou superior a 89 anos. Dentre as faixas etárias que demonstraram alta prevalência de enteroparasitoses no estado, destacam-se as compreendidas entre 0-5 anos; 6-12; 20-49 e 46-59 anos. Os protozoários mais citados foram Entamoeba coli, Endolimax nana, Entamoeba histolytica/díspar e Giardia sp. No grupo dos helmintos, os parasitos mais prevalentes foram Ascaris lumbricoides, ancilostomídeos e Schistosoma mansoni. Quanto aos fatores associados que aumentam o risco de infecções parasitárias foram relatadas as condições higiênico-sanitárias e socioeconômicas. Conclusão: As parasitoses intestinais se apresentaram com variações quanto à região e os fatores associados. Diante a escassez de estudos acerca da temática, no estado, contribuiu-se com a disseminação de informações consolidadas e para um melhor conhecimento do perfil das enteroparasitoses

Frequency and molecular characterisation of Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba dispar, Entamoeba moshkovskii, and Entamoeba hartmanni in the context of water scarcity in northeastern Brazil

This study aimed to estimate the frequency, associated factors, and molecular characterisation of Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba dispar, Entamoeba moshkovskii, andEntamoeba hartmanni infections. We performed a survey (n = 213 subjects) to obtain parasitological, sanitation, and sociodemographic data. Faecal samples were processed through flotation and centrifugation methods.E. histolytica, E. dispar, E. moshkovskii, and E. hartmanni were identified by nested-polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The overall prevalence of infection was 22/213 (10.3%). The infection rate among subjects who drink rainwater collected from roofs in tanks was higher than the rate in subjects who drink desalinated water pumped from wells; similarly, the infection rate among subjects who practice open defecation was significantly higher than that of subjects with latrines. Out of the 22 samples positive for morphologically indistinguishableEntamoeba species, the differentiation by PCR was successful for 21. The species distribution was as follows: 57.1% to E. dispar, 23.8% to E. histolytica, 14.3% toE. histolytica and E. dispar, and 4.8% E. dispar and E. hartmanni. These data suggest a high prevalence of asymptomatic infection by the group of morphologically indistinguishable Entamoeba histolytica/dispar/moshkovskiicomplex and E. hartmanni species. In this context of water scarcity, the sanitary and socioenvironmental characteristics of the region appear to favour transmission

Socioenvironmental Factors Influencing Distribution and Intensity of Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis in the Brazilian Amazon: Challenges for the 2030 Agenda

Soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STHs) are poverty-related diseases with high prevalence rates in developing countries. The present study aims to describe the epidemiological scenario of STHs in an urban population in the Brazilian Amazon. A cross-sectional survey (n = 349 children aged 1–15 years) was carried out to obtain faecal samples and sociodemographic and sanitation data. Among the children, 143 (41%) were positive for at least one STH. Prevalence rates of infections by A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura, and hookworms were 24.4%, 42.6%, and 9%, respectively. A logistic regression multivariate model showed that infection with A. lumbricoides is significantly more frequent in children aged 11–15 years (odds ratio [OR] = 2.38; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.15–4.94; p=0.018) and the presence of latrines inside houses is a protection factor against ascariasis (OR = 0.38; 95% CI = 0.17–0.85; p=0.019). Positivity for T. trichiura is higher in the 5–10 (OR = 3.31; 95% IC = 1.85–5.89; p=0.001) and 11–15 age groups (OR = 3.16; 95% IC = 1.66–6.00; p=0.001), in children living in poor families (OR = 1.78; 95% IC = 1.01–3.14; p=0.045) and practicing open evacuation (OR = 2.07; 95% IC = 1.07–3.99; p=0.029). Hookworm infection is more frequent in children aged 11–15 years (OR = 6.70; 95% IC = 1.91–23.43; p=0.002), males (OR = 6.35; 95% IC = 2.00–20.14; p=0.002), and those living in stilt houses (OR = 3.52; 95% IC = 1.22–10.12; p=0.019). The use of albendazole in the last six months was a protection factor against hookworm infection (OR = 0.31; 95% IC = 0.10–0.96; p=0.042). The proportion of mild, moderate, and severe infections was 55.2%, 37.8%, and 7%, respectively, for A. lumbricoides, 72.4%, 24.3%, and 3.3% for T. trichiura, and 93.8%, 3.1%, and 3.1% for hookworms. Significantly higher worm burdens in T. trichiura and hookworm infections were associated with practicing open defecation and living in stilt houses. The data points to the need to improve sanitation infrastructure in Amazonian cities with similar sociodemographic and environmental characteristics

Giardia intestinalis infection associated with malnutrition in children living in northeastern Brazil

Submitted by Sandra Infurna ([email protected]) on 2017-11-14T16:55:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 beatriz_nunes_etal_IOC_2017.pdf: 1288946 bytes, checksum: 3feb9602f461a112f57676a2f0f90632 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Sandra Infurna ([email protected]) on 2017-11-16T09:48:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 beatriz_nunes_etal_IOC_2017.pdf: 1288946 bytes, checksum: 3feb9602f461a112f57676a2f0f90632 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-16T09:48:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 beatriz_nunes_etal_IOC_2017.pdf: 1288946 bytes, checksum: 3feb9602f461a112f57676a2f0f90632 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Sistemática Molecular. Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Sistemática Molecular. Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Sistemática Molecular. Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Sistemática Molecular. Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Brasil.Escritório Municipal de Saúde Nossa Senhora de Nazaré. Coordenação de Cuidados de Saúde Primária. Nossa Senhora de Nazaré, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Biologia dos Tripanossomatídeos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Brasil.Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center. Seattle, WA, USA.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Eco-Epidemiologia da Doença de Chagas. Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios. Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Sistemática Molecular. Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Brasil / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Escritório Regional no Piauí. Teresina, PI, Brasil.Introduction: The present study aimed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with Giardia intestinalisinfection, verifying its impact on the nutritional status of children in northeastern Brazil. Methodology:A cross-sectional study was conducted to obtain parasitological, sociodemographic, and anthropometric data in two municipalities in the states of Piauí and Ceará, northeastern Brazil. Results: Prevalence of giardiasis was 55/511 (10.8%). G. intestinaliswas more frequent in people living in poverty (30/209 [14.4%], p = 0.041), performing open evacuation (26/173 [15%], p = 0.034), and drinking rainwater stored in cisterns (9/56 [16.1%], p = 0.005). The proportion of stunting and being underweight in children infected with G. intestinaliswas significantly higher than that in uninfected children (5/23 [21.7%] vs. 10/179 [5.6%], p = 0.017, OR = 4.69, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.44–15.25 and 5/23 [21.7%] vs. 13/179 [7.3%], p = 0.038, OR = 3.54, 95% CI = 1.13–11.09, respectively). Infection with G. intestinalisremained significantly associated with stunting and being underweight after adjustment for poverty, municipality, sex, and age in a logistic regression multivariate model. Conclusions: In rural areas in northeastern Brazil, giardiasis has acquired great public health importance in the soil-transmitted helminths control era, impacting the nutritional status of children and requiring new approaches to diagnosis and treatment and translational research that could generate applicable solutions at the community level

Focal persistence of soil-transmitted helminthiases in impoverished areas in the State of Piaui, Northeastern Brazil

ABSTRACT This study aims to describe the prevalence, distribution, and factors associated with soil-transmitted helminthiases (STHs) in rural localities in Piaui, Brazil. Two cross-sectional surveys (n=605 subjects; 172 families) were carried out in order to obtain socio-demographic, anthropometric, spatial and parasitological data. Parasites were evaluated using Kato-Katz and centrifugal sedimentation techniques. Eggs were measured to assess infection with zoonotic Strongylida parasites. Kernel maps were constructed with Q-GIS. The prevalence of hookworm infection was 12.4% (75/605). Other helminthes found were Trichuris trichiura (n=1; 0.2%) and Hymenolepis nana (n=1; 0.2%). The hookworm positivity rate was significantly lower among subjects who had used albendazole when compared with individuals who had not used anthelmintics or had used antiprotozoal drugs in the last 6 months (8/134 [6.0%] vs. 59/415 [14.2%]; p=0.009). A total of 39/172 (22.7%) families had at least one infected member. The association between the number of dwellers and hookworm positivity in the family was present in a logistic regression multivariate model. Assessment of worm burdens showed 92.2% light, 6.2% moderate, and 1.6% heavy infections. Hookworm eggs (n=34) measured 57.2 - 75.4 µm in length and 36.4 - 44.2 µm in width (mean ± SD = 65.86 ± 4.66 µm L and 40.05 ± 1.99 µm W), commensurate with human hookworms. Hotspots suggest that transmission has a focal pattern. STHs persist in impoverished rural areas in Northeastern Brazil where currently available control strategies (mass drug administration) apparently do not allow the elimination of the infection