La fauna de la Orinoquia

La típica fauna orinoquense, está representada en la literatura y la tradición por los animales que han sido más evidentes al ojo o al oído humanos, o los que con mayor frecuencia figuran en los cuentos, leyendas y temores de la gente, o aquellos que son el blanco más frecuente de. la caza para consumo. Los más conocidos y fácilmente observados en los Llanos Orientales incluyen el venado sabanero |(Odocoileusvirginianus), el chigüiro(Hydróchaeris hydrochaeris), y la corocora roja |(Eudocimusruber). La fauna orinoquense abarca también a uno de los animales con la vocalización más poderosa del reino animal como lo es el araguato o mono cotudo |(Alouattaseniculus) qué puede ser escuchado a varios kilómetros de distancia, |o las diversas especies de guacamayas (Am spp.), cuyas bandadas rompen el silencio de la mañana al dirigirse a sus habituales lugares de alimentación o al atardecer cuando regresan a sus dormideros. También comprende varios animales que se consideran peligrosos para los humanos, como el tigre |(Panthera onca), el güío negro o anaconda |(Eunectes murinus), el caimán del Orinoco |(Crocodylus intermedius) y la cuatronarices |(Bothropsatrox). Por ser las más evidentes y vistosas, las aves son tal vez el grupo de vertebrados que mayor simpatía despierta en el público en general. Igualmente es el grupo de más alta diversidad dentro de los vertebrados, ya que puede superar el millar de especies y subespecies. Esta es la región natural que contiene un mayor porcentaje de la avifauna nacional; no obstante, su estado de conservación deja mucho que desear y los cambios introducidos al medio ambiente, por el desordenado e inconsciente desarrollo agrícola y pecuario, han reducido notablemente las poblaciones de diversas especies y puesto en duda la. supervivencia regional de otras, cuya distribución natural ha tenido en los Llanos una importante zona de alimentación en sus habituales y obligadas rutas de migración transcontinental o regional

Research and in situ conservation of owl monkeys enhances environmental law enforcement at the Colombian-Peruvian border

This study reports on impacts of illegal trade in owl monkeys (Aotus nancymaae, A. vociferans) for the biomedical research market in the Colombian-Peruvian Amazonian border. Through freedom of information requests and interviews with hunters we found that 912 owl monkeys, including A. nancymaae captured in Peru, were trapped over a 3-month period in 2012 to supply a malaria research facility based in Leticia, Colombia, which had trapping permits for the use of only 800 A. vociferans annually yet experimentation took place using A. nancymaae. High levels of extraction in Peru have had population-level impacts with significantly lower densities of Aotus spp. (3-24individuals/km2) compared to Colombian sites with low hunting pressure (26-44individuals/km2). Post-experimental release of this species in Colombian territory has created a new distribution whose status and impacts on resident populations of A. vociferans remain unknown. The trapping method has also had environmental impact, with loss of over 65,000 trees (including sleeping sites), annually. As Aotus species are registered under the Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) Appendix II, international trade requires official permission and evidence that extraction does not impact wild populations. However, no official records exist and CITES legislation has failed, due principally to a lack of appropriate monitoring by national authorities responsible for compliance. Of further concern is that we had previously documented and reported the illegal trade to the appropriate governmental authorities yet still no action was taken-as demonstrated by the continuing trade in 2013. Enforcement eventually occurred when a non-governmental organization initiated legal action against organizations responsible. A successful second instance ruling by the Colombian State's Council in 2013 revoked trapping permits. Using the trade in owl monkeys as a case study we consider implementation, compliance, and enforcement of CITES in the border area to identify mechanisms to improve enforcement of environmental legislation. Am. J. Primatol. 76:658-669, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc

Riqueza, endemismo y conservación de los mamíferos de Colombia

We update the list of Colombian mammal species based upon a new revision of specimens in the major collections within and outside the country and a compilation of recent taxonomic changes of species present in the country. The result of these changes is a total of 492 native species, which represents a net increment of 62 species with respect to the previous list published in the year 2000, and this exceeds similar updates in other Neotropical countries. Although the level of knowledge differs greatly between groups, we provide some general indicators, as diversity on the level of orders, endemism, patterns of distribution, and conservation state. The greatest species richness occurs in the orders Chiroptera (198 spp.) and Rodentia (122 spp.), but there are 23 endemic species of rodents in contrast to only seven endemic bats. According to the nature and scale of the evaluations, between 39 (MAVDT) and 52 (IUCN) species of Colombian mammals are considered to be endangered. The major threats are still deforestation, hunting and illegal commerce

Zoonimia y vernácula en Yucuna

Se presenta una lista de nombres vernáculos de animales en lengua Yucuna de la región del bajo río Caquetá, Mirití-Paraná, bajo río Apaporis (Departamentos de Amazonas y Vaupés, Colombia), con sus correspondientes binomios científicos. Se incluyen 274 nombres para 218 animales de la región.A glossary of animal names in the Yucuna language from the region of the lower Caquetá river, Mirití-Paraná and the lower Apaporis river (Amazonas and Vaupés departments, Colombia) is presented along with their scientifie binomials. The list includes 274 names and variations for 218 animals of the region

The influence of landscape relative to site and patch variables on primate distributions in the Colombian Llanos

Context: Primates are an important component of biodiversity in tropical regions. However, many studies on the effects of habitat change on primates ignore the relative influence of landscape composition and configuration. Objectives: This study addresses the question: how important are landscape-scale forest area and composition relative to patch-scale (1–1080\ua0ha) and site-scale (transect of 1\ua0km) habitat variables for the occupancy and abundance of four primate species in the Colombian Llanos. Methods: Using a randomly stratified survey design, 81 fragments were surveyed for primate occupancy and abundance. We used zero-inflated models to test the relative influence of landscape-scale, patch-scale and site-scale variables on occupancy and abundance for each species. A 95% confidence set of models was constructed using the cumulative Akaike weight for each model and the relative importance of each set of variables calculated for each primate species. Results: Occupancy was determined by a combination of site-scale, patch-scale and landscape-scale variables but this varied substantially among the primate species. Conclusion: Our study highlights the importance of managing primates at a range of scales that considers the relative importance of site-, patch- and landscape-scale variables

Novel survey method finds dramatic decline of wild cotton-top tamarin population

For conservation purposes, accurate methods are required to track cotton-top tamarins in their natural habitat. As existing census methods are not appropriate for surveying these monkeys, a lure-transect method combined with playback vocalization was used here to allow accurate counting of the animals

The range of the golden-mantle tamarin, Saguinus tripartitus (Milne Edwards, 1878): distributions and sympatry of four tamarin species in Colombia, Ecuador, and northern Peru

A detailed understanding of the range of the golden-mantle tamarin, Saguinus tripartitus (Milne Edwards, 1878), in Amazonian Peru and Ecuador is of particular relevance, not only because it is poorly known but also because it was on the basis of its supposed sympatry with the saddleback tamarin (S. fuscicollis lagonotus) that Thorington (Am J Primatol 15:367–371, 1988) argued that it is a distinct species rather than a saddleback tamarin subspecies, as was believed by Hershkovitz (Living new world monkeys, vol I. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1977). A number of surveys have been carried out since 1988 in the supposed range of S. tripartitus, in both Ecuador and Peru. Here we summarize and discuss these issues and provide a new suggestion for the geographic range of this species; that is, between the ríos Napo and Curaray in Peru and extending east into Ecuador. We also review current evidence for the distributions of Spix’s black-mantle tamarin (S. nigricollis nigricollis), Graells’ black-mantle tamarin (S. n. graellsi), and the saddleback tamarin (S. fuscicollis lagonotus), which are also poorly known, and examine the evidence regarding sympatry between them. We conclude that despite the existence of a number of specimens with collecting localities that indicate overlap in their geographic ranges, the fact that the four tamarin species are of similar size and undoubtedly very similar in their feeding habits militates strongly against the occurrence of sympatry among them

Morphological variation of genetically confirmed Alouatta Pigra × A. palliata hybrids from a natural hybrid zone in Tabasco, Mexico

While hybridization has been reported for a large number of primate taxa, there is a general lack of data on hybrid morphology for wild individuals with known genetic ancestry. A confirmed hybrid zone for the closely related Neotropical primates Alouatta palliata and A. pigra has provided a unique opportunity to study primate hybrid morphological variation. Here we used molecular evidence based on mitochondrial, Y‐chromosome, and autosomal data to assess hybrid ancestry. We conducted univariate and multivariate statistical comparisons of morphometric data collected from individuals both outside and within the hybrid zone in Tabasco, Mexico. Our results show that of all the hybrids detected ( N = 128), only 12% of them were approximately genetically intermediate, and none of them were first generation hybrids. Univariate pairwise comparisons among parental individuals, multigenerational backcrossed hybrids, and intermediate hybrids showed that overall, multigenerational backcrossed hybrids resemble the parental species with which they share most of their alleles. Conversely, intermediates were highly variable. Similarly, principal component analysis depicts an overlap between the parental species and their backcrosses when considering overall morphological differences. Finally, discriminant function analysis of the morphological variables was overall unreliable for classifying individuals into their assigned genotypic classes. Taken together, our results suggest that primate natural hybridization studies should incorporate molecular methods for determining ancestry, because morphology may not always be a reliable indicator of hybrid status. Hybrid zones could comprise a large number of multigenerational backcrossed hybrids that are indistinguishable from the parental species. The implications for studying hybridization in the primate fossil record are discussed. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/96397/1/22196_ftp.pd