113 research outputs found

    Bismarck part en guerre contre « l’ennemi intérieur » : la social-démocratie

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    À partir de son unification et malgré les crises économiques qui secouent bientôt tous les pays développés, l’Allemagne connaît un développement industriel spectaculaire. Tout semble enfin réussir à ce pays si longtemps morcelé, entravé, déchiré entre tendances et aspirations contradictoires. À l’intérieur, les dirigeants multiplient les cérémonies censées exalter le sentiment national ; parallèlement, ils désignent à la vindicte les personnes à traiter en citoyens de seconde zone, voire en «..

    Clinical approach for the classification of congenital uterine malformations

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    A more objective, accurate and non-invasive estimation of uterine morphology is nowadays feasible based on the use of modern imaging techniques. The validity of the current classification systems in effective categorization of the female genital malformations has been already challenged. A new clinical approach for the classification of uterine anomalies is proposed. Deviation from normal uterine anatomy is the basic characteristic used in analogy to the American Fertility Society classification. The embryological origin of the anomalies is used as a secondary parameter. Uterine anomalies are classified into the following classes: 0, normal uterus; I, dysmorphic uterus; II, septate uterus (absorption defect); III, dysfused uterus (fusion defect); IV, unilateral formed uterus (formation defect); V, aplastic or dysplastic uterus (formation defect); VI, for still unclassified cases. A subdivision of these main classes to further anatomical varieties with clinical significance is also presented. The new proposal has been designed taking into account the experience gained from the use of the currently available classification systems and intending to be as simple as possible, clear enough and accurate as well as open for further development. This proposal could be used as a starting point for a working group of experts in the field

    Nouveau régime commercial et inégalités salariales en Amérique latine

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    [eng] Thierry Defarges — The new trade regime and wage disparities in Latin America. . This article analyses the causalities between external liberalisation and the increase of wage disparities in Latin America during the 1990s. The direct effects of the international insertion of these countries on relative wage variations exist, but the main force results from the indirect effects of external liberalisation. Exposure to international competition happens to favour a qualified workforce, thus inducing an asymmetric wages adjustment that negatively affects unqualified labour. The dynamics of relative wages therefore simultaneously expresses the improvements in productive efficiency and cost-effects.

    Le chemin de fer, moteur de l'unification allemande

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    L’antiparlementarisme dans un parti bien représenté au Reichstag, la social-démocratie

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    International audienceObwohl die Sozialdemokratie als erste Arbeiterpartei Europas seit ihrer Gründung stets im Reichstag vertreten war, hat die parlamentarische Tätigkeit innerhalb der Partei immer wieder zu Auseinandersetzungen geführt. Diese betrafen sowohl den eigentlichen Sinn derselben wie auch konkrete Fragen, nämlich in welchem Maße die Sozialisten sich im Parlament einsetzen sollten oder auch die der Reichtagsfraktion zugewiesene Rolle in der Partei. In diesem Artikel werden die Stellungnahmen der jungen SPD in den 1860-1880er Jahren mit jenen in den Jahren 1890 und 1891 verglichen, als die Opposition der sogenannten Jungen die Parteiführung des Parlamentarismus bezichtigte. Diese Partei drückte zwar eine gewisse Verachtung gegenüber der Arbeit im Parlament aus, doch wurde sie ständig mächtiger gerade durch die Wahlen und ganz besonders durch den Reichstag, der ihrer Propaganda eine unerhörte Resonanz verlieh und ihr des Weiteren ermöglichte, sich organisatorisch weiterzuentwickeln.Although from its beginnings the Social Democratic Party successfully sent members to the Reichstag, it was also subject to conflicts about parliamentary work. These dissensions revolved as much around the very principle of parliamentarism as around practical questions concerning the degree of Socialists’ involvement in Parliament and the weight given to the parliamentarian faction within the party. The purpose of this article is to compare the SPD’s position in its early years when some leaders displayed strong antiparliamentarian standpoints with its position twenty years later, when a minority faction criticized the same leaders for being electoralist. In fact, the SPD, which showed contempt for Parliamentary work, actually gained strength for decades through successive elections, notably those for the Reichstag, in which they acquired both an audience and new members.La social-démocratie, qui dès sa fondation a su envoyer des élus siéger au Reichstag, fut traversée dès l’origine par des dissensions sur le travail parlementaire. Elles portèrent sur son principe même ainsi que sur des questions concrètes, concernant le degré d’implication des socialistes dans les parlements ou encore la place accordée dans le parti à la fraction parlementaire. L’objet de cet article est de comparer le positionnement du SPD dans sa jeunesse, lorsque certains dirigeants affichaient des attitudes antiparlementaires prononcées, et vingt ans plus tard, quand une tendance minoritaire reprocha aux mêmes dirigeants leur électoralisme. De fait, le SPD qui professait un certain mépris envers le travail parlementaire se renforça pendant des décennies notamment au travers des élections et de ses élus, le Reichstag lui permettant de trouver tout à la fois une audience et de nouvelles recrues

    Sur la nature et les causes du terrorisme. Une revue de la littérature économique

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    [eng] Thierry Deffarges — On the nature and causes of terrorism : A review of the economic literature . This article proposes a critical appraisal of the economic literature devoted to terrorism. On the one hand, contributions, based on standard economic methods and new micro-economy methods, attempt to determine the rationality of a violence whose objectives are political, on the other hand, they seek to determine the economic causes. The author hereby attempts to show that the formal methods of economics can but only be partially useful in addressing the issue of terrorism, especially as regards the meaning attached thereto.

    L'économie de la cocaïne. Éléments d'analyse quantitative et qualitative

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    [eng] Thierry Deffarges — The cocaine economy : Elements of a quantitative and qualitative analysis.. The cocaine economy is subject to imperfect and incomplete information due to its illegal nature. Besides, analyses of interactions between production and consumption are missing. The purpose of this article is thus methodological, empirical and theoretical. From a purely deductive method, the author seeks to assess the importance of cocaine supply and demand.
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