The long-run superneutrality of money revised: the extended European evidence

This article investigates the validity of the money superneutrality concept for the large panel of European economies. While focusing exclusively on endogenous growth theories including the Mundell-Tobin effect, we examine the long-run response of real output to a permanent inflation shock in every studied country using a structural vector autoregressive framework. For the majority of countries in our sample, the longrun superneutrality concept is confirmed since the original increase/ decrease in output growth fades in time. We also test the additional hypothesis of whether the group of countries with smaller in-sample inflation mean forms the exception to the long-run money superneutrality. As the result, modern economies might be better described from the viewpoint of Sidrauski.Web of Science16320318

Observation of whispering gallery modes in the mid-infrared with a quantum cascade laser: possible applications to nanoliter chemical sensing

Excitation of the whispering gallery modes (WGM) of a CaF_2 ball resonator is demonstrated at 4.5 micron with a pulsed Quantum Cascade laser. A prism coupling scheme for mid-infrared is described. Future applications of WGM resonators as hyphenated inline chromatography sensors are discussed

Quantum Cascade Laser Enabled Nano-liter Polymer Waveguide Sensor

To improve the Mid-Infrared (IR) chemical sensing capabilities in liquids and gases, a polymer based waveguide that has 100% interaction with Quantum Cascade (QC) laser field is proposed and demonstrated. The waveguide has thickness down to 10s nanometers so that chemical diffusion and preconcentration could happen very fast; the path length is increased from several microns to over centimeters due to the high spectral and diffraction brightness of QC lasers. Efficient prism coupling into whispering gallery resonators’ coated with submicron polymers and planar slab polymer waveguide are demonstrated, high signal to noise ratio is obtained and potential applications discussed

Cavity ringdown spectrum of the forbidden (A)over-tilde(2)E('')←(X)over-tilde(2)A(2)(') transition of NO_3: Evidence for static Jahn-Teller distortion in the (A)over-tilde state

The Jahn-Teller effect in the first two excited states of the nitrate radical NO3 has yet to be experimentally elucidated. In this paper, direct evidence of strong Jahn-Teller interactions in the A state is presented from the first complete absorption spectrum of the A(2)E(')←X(2)A(2)(') transition of NO3 in the gas phase in the region 5900-9000 cm(-1), at moderate resolution (0.15 cm(-1)). The observed spectrum is consistent with Herzberg-Teller selection rules, and reveals strong linear and quadratic Jahn-Teller interactions in the A state. Several of the vibronic bands have been tentatively assigned, including nu(2),nu(3), an irregular progression in nu(4), and combination bands involving nu(1). Our assignments are consistent with the previous works of Weaver [A. Weaver, D. W. Arnold, S. E. Bradforth, and D. M. Neumark, J. Chem. Phys. 94, 1740 (1991)] and Hirota [E. Hirota, T. Ishiwata, K. Kawaguchi, M. Fujitake, N. Ohashi, and I. Tanaka, J. Phys. Chem. 107, 2829 (1997)] The band origin is not observed, in accord with the selection rules, but is determined to be T-0=7064 cm(-1) from the observation of the 4(1)(0) hot band at 6695.7 cm(-1). Rotational contour analysis of this band indicates that the upper state is an asymmetric rotor, establishing that NO3 undergoes static Jahn-Teller distortion in the ground vibrational level of the A state

Novel Broadband Amplifier for Mid-Infrared Semiconductor laser and applications in spectroscopy

An amplifier design for broadband Mid-IR buried-hetero (BH) structure epitaxial laser is presented, and external cavity design based on this amplifier is described. Spectroscopy results characterizing such single frequency lasers are demonstrated with whispering gallery mode CaF2 disc/ball, saturated absorption in hollow waveguide and direct chemical analysis in water

New insights into the Jahn–Teller effect in NO_3 via the dark à 2E" state

The recent cavity ringdown (CRD) measurement of the forbidden Ã^2 E"←X~^2 A2' transition of the nitrate radical NO_3 reveals a rich, well-resolved spectrum in the near-infrared. The spectroscopic detail provides a new window onto the Jahn–Teller (JT) and pseudo-Jahn–Teller (PJT) effects in NO_3. This paper reviews the current experimental evidence for vibronic coupling in the à state and discusses the theoretical issues in the context of new preliminary EOMIP/CCSD and CCSD(T) calculations. The theoretical results to date indicate that the à 2E" state of NO_3 undergoes a relatively strong JT distortion which may require inclusion of higher order vibronic couplings. The intensity of this transition may involve multiple intensity borrowing mechanisms via PJT coupling among the X~, à and B~ states

Methods of Bank Valuation: A Critical Overview

The article discusses common valuation methods in order to find the most appropriate ones through the analysis of advantages and disadvantages of each approach. The main criterion for critical discussion on the valuation approaches is how their usage captures the specific characteristics of banking. The reached conclusion establishes the basis for further work on the subject – the search for the most accurate valuation model for banks

Polarization and isolation control for quantum cascade lasers in the mid-infrared

There have been limited choices of optical materials in the Mid-Infrared for polarization control and subsequent isolation. We show several combinations of existing materials and optics that could realize polarization control and isolation for quantum cascade lasers in the MIR. Improvements in signal to noise ratio in MIR laser spectroscopy, as well as saturated absorption spectroscopy utilizing the isolation achieved, will be discussed

Field test results of compound specific isotope analyzer based on quantum cascade lasers and hollow waveguide

The first of its kind Gas Chromatograph Infra Red Isotope Ratio (GC-IR2) instruments have been deployed to the field to help the identification of sweet spot during the shale gas exploration. The onsite measurement capability of the GC-IR2 along with its accuracy and speed helped the discovery of the fast dynamics of gas release from shale cuttings. The half life of the isotope change for methane, ethane and propane released from shale cuttings is closely related to the porosity and permeability of the specific shale reservoir, and could be as short as a one hour to a couple of days. Initial δ^(13)C values for methane could be extremely fractionated toward heavy ^(13)C species that values in the -20~<-10 per mil, which belong to inorganic methane could be measured

Latest improvements in field deployable compound specific isotope analyzer based on quantum cascade lasers and hollow waveguide

In our development of a field deployable infrared isotope ratio spectrometer (IR2) for compound specific isotope analysis (CSIA), the IR2‘s accuracy and stability have reached a stage that small fractionation in reference gas pulses generated as standard are observed easily and repeatedly. Such fine fractionation is often difficult to observe in regular Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer (IRMS) due to instrument drift on the order of 10s of minutes. After careful design of reference pulse sequences and long period of data collection, such fractionations are also verified in a commercial continuous flow CSIA-IRMS. Implications of the fractionation and observation process are discussed