OTU_Table_0.005%_abundnace_Cut-off

This file contains OTUs filtered with 0.005% overall abundance cut-off for all the samples included in this study

data submission

the file contains raw data used for the analysi

Read_Me

This file states few details about the OTU tables and R codes

CAPdiscrim R Code

CAPdiscrim R Cod

Sample_Information

This file contains information related to each sample e.g. sample codes, species, family, developmental stage, reads per sample etc

Core_OTUs

This file contains core bacterial OTUs that occur in >80% of the samples of entire sample se

OTU_Table_even_depth_3000

This file contains bacterial OTUs in each sample after rarefying an entire dataset to even depth of 3000 read

OTU_Table_5%_abundnace_Cut-off

This file contains OTUs filtered with 5% abundance cut-off for all the samples included in this stud

Khan_Agashe_Rolff_Tables_Figures_ESM.pdf from “Early life inflammation, immune response and aging” from Early-life inflammation, immune response and ageing

Supplementary information on data, methods and analyses from “Early life inflammation, immune response and aging

Supplementary Figures from Dietary and developmental shifts in butterfly-associated bacterial communities

Bacterial communities associated with insects can substantially influence host ecology, evolution and behaviour. Host diet is a key factor that shapes bacterial communities, but the impact of dietary transitions across insect development is poorly understood. We analysed bacterial communities of 12 butterfly species across different development stages, using amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Butterfly larvae typically consume leaves of a single host plant, whereas adults are more generalist nectar feeders. Thus, we expected bacterial communities to vary substantially across butterfly development. Surprisingly, only few species showed significant dietary and developmental transitions in bacterial communities, suggesting weak impacts of dietary transitions across butterfly development. On the other hand, bacterial communities were strongly influenced by butterfly species and family identity, potentially due to dietary and physiological variation across the host phylogeny. Larvae of most butterfly species largely mirrored bacterial community composition of their diets, suggesting passive acquisition rather than active selection. Overall, our results suggest that although butterflies harbour distinct microbiomes across taxonomic groups and dietary guilds, the dramatic dietary shifts that occur during development do not impose strong selection to maintain distinct bacterial communities across all butterfly hosts