160 research outputs found

    Keine Triage ohne gesetzliche Grundlage

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    Nicotinic receptors of parasitic insects: biochemical and pharmacological studies

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    Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are ligand-controlled cation channels, which act in fast neurotransmission at cholinergic synapses in vertebrates and invertebrates. They are the binding sites for nicotinoid drugs, such as nicotine and epibatidine. Insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are targets of several insecticide classes, such as the neonicotinoids, spinosyns and nereis toxins. This study is the first report about the gene identification of the a1 and a2 subunits (Lca1 and Lca2) from the sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina as well as the full length cDNA cloning of these two subunits, and of the three Ctenocephalides felis (cat flea) nAChR a subunit genes Cfa1, Cfa2, and Cfa3 previously not available as full length versions. Expression of these subunits in Xenopus laevis oocytes as hybrid receptors with the Gallus gallus (chicken) b2 nAChR (Ggb2) subunit resulted in functional acetylcholine-responsive ion channels, as judged from our voltage clamp experiments. Cfa2/Ggb2 and Lca2/Ggb2 proved to be insensitive to a-bungarotoxin, while acetylcholine-induced currents of the Cfa1/Ggb2 and Lca1/Ggb2 combinations were completely blocked by this snake toxin. These characteristics of a-bungarotoxin sensitivity have been considered hallmarks of the a1 and a2 gene families and are confirmed here for two additional examples. The pharmacological profiles of Cfa1/Ggb2, Cfa2/Ggb2 and the chicken neuronal receptor Gga4/Ggb2 for acetylcholine, two nicotinoids and 6 insecticidal neonicotinoids were determined and compared on the basis of EC50, Hill coefficient and maximal current (relative to acetylcholine, Imax). Particularly remarkable was the finding that Cfa1/Ggb2 was far more sensitive to acetylcholine, nicotine and neonicotinoid agonists than either Cfa2/Ggb2 or Gga4/Ggb2: for the anti-flea neonicotinoid market compound imidacloprid the respective EC50 values were 0.02 mĂŒM, 1.31 mĂŒM and 13.8 mĂŒM. These results were also confirmed for two other insect species, Drosophila melanogaster and Lucilia cuprina, where the pharmacological profile of the Dma1, Dma2, Lca1 and Lca2 subunits as hybrid receptors with Ggb2 in Xenopus oocyte expressions resulted in similar sensitivity patterns as those identified for the Ctenocephalides felis orthologs. For Cfa3/Ggb2, functional expression could be achieved, but detailed analysis of acetylcholine and other agonists used in this study could not be performed in electrophysiological experiments, due to the low signals. Collectively, the results of this study show that at least in a Ggb2 hybrid receptor setting, with respect to EC50, insect a1 subunits confer a 9 to 65 fold higher sensitivity to neonicotinoids than seen with a2 subunits, which may contribute in vivo to the insect-selective action of this pesticide class. In an attempt to elucidate ligand structure-activity relationships, eight close derivatives of acetylcholine were chemically synthesized and, together with five purchased compounds, analysed in voltage clamp experiments for Lca1/Ggb2, Lca2/Ggb2 and Gga4/Ggb2. Comparison of the data for insect versus chicken nAChR a subunits allowed the definition of novel structure-activity and structure-selectivity relationships. In the case of N-ethyl-acetylcholine, the EC50 value of the chicken Gga4/Ggb2 was increased almost by a factor of 1000, while for both Lca1/Ggb2 and Lca2/Ggb2, potency remained similar to that of acetylcholine. Further derivatives with strong insect nAChR selectivity potential were acetyl-a-methylcholine and trimethyl-(3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl) ammonium, followed by acetylhomocholine and trimethyl-(4-oxopentyl) ammonium. Identification of these insect-specific structure-activity relationship features may provide guidance for identification or design of insect nAChR agonists by structure-based or in silico methods.Nikotinische Acetylcholinrezeptoren (nAChRs) gehören zu den ligandengesteuerten KationenkanĂ€len, welche in der schnellen neuronalen Übertragung an cholinergen Synapsen der Vertebraten und Invertebraten mitwirken. Sie binden nikotinoide Wirkstoffe wie Nikotin und Epibatidin. Nikotinische Acetylcholinrezeptoren von Insekten sind Angriffspunkte von einigen Insektizidklassen, wie Neonikotinoide, Spinosyne und Nereistoxine. Diese Arbeit beschreibt zum ersten Mal die Genidentifizierung der a1 und a2 Untereinheiten (Lca1 und Lca2) der Schaf-Schmeissfliege Lucilia cuprina und die cDNA-Klonierung dieser zwei Untereinheiten, wie auch der drei Ctenocephalides felis (Katzenfloh) nAChR a-Untereinheiten Cfa1, Cfa2 und Cfa3, deren vollstĂ€ndige Gensequenz bis dahin noch nicht bekannt war. Die Expression der Untereinheiten in Xenopus laevis Oozyten als hybride Rezeptoren zusammen mit der Gallus gallus (Huhn) b2 nAChR (Ggb2) Untereinheit fĂŒhrten zur Ausbildung von Acetylcholin-gesteuerten IonenkanĂ€len, was durch Voltage-Clamp Experimente bestĂ€tigt wurde. Cfa2/Ggb2 und Lca2/Ggb2 waren insensitiv gegenĂŒber a-Bungarotoxin, wĂ€hrend Acetylcholin-induzierte Ströme von Cfa1/Ggb2 und Lca1/Ggb2 durch das Schlangengift komplett blockiert werden konnten. Diese Merkmale der a-Bungarotoxin-Antwort wurden als kennzeichnend fĂŒr die a1 und a2 nAChR-Genfamilien betrachtet und in dieser Arbeit fĂŒr zwei weitere Beispiele bestĂ€tigt. Die pharmakologischen Profile von Cfa1/Ggb2, Cfa2/Ggb2 und vom neuronalen Rezeptor des Huhns Gga4/Ggb2 fĂŒr Acetylcholin, zwei Nikotinoide und 6 insektizide Neonikotinoide wurden auf der Basis vom EC50, Hill-Koeffizienten und maximalen Strom (relativ zu Acetylcholin, Imax) bestimmt und miteinander verglichen. Besonders bemerkenswert war die Erkenntnis, dass Cfa1/Ggb2 wesentlich sensitiver gegenĂŒber Acetylcholin, Nikotin und Neonikotinoide war als Cfa2/Ggb2 oder Gga4/Ggb2: fĂŒr das Anti-Floh-Neonikotinoid Imidacloprid waren die jeweiligen EC50-Werte 0,02 mĂŒM, 1,31 mĂŒM und 13,8 mĂŒM. Diese Ergebnisse konnten ebenfalls fĂŒr zwei weitere Insekten-Species, Drosophila melanogaster und Lucilia cuprina, bestĂ€tigt werden: die pharmakologischen Profile von Dma1, Dma2, Lca1 und Lca2 Untereinheiten exprimiert als Hybridrezeptoren zusammen mit Ggb2 in Xenopus-Oozyten ergaben Ă€hnliche SensitivitĂ€tmuster, wie die fĂŒr die C. felis-Orthologen identifizierten. Cfa3/Ggb2 konnte zwar funktionell exprimiert werden, aufgrund nur kleiner Signale war allerdings eine detaillierte elektrophysiologische Analyse von Acetylcholin und anderer Agonisten, die hier untersucht wurden, nicht möglich. Insgesamt zeigen die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit, dass, zumindest im Rahmen eines Hybridrezeptors zusammen mit Ggb2, Insekten a1 Untereinheiten eine 9 bis 65 fache höhere SensitivitĂ€t in Bezug auf EC50-Werte gegenĂŒber Neonikotinoiden aufweisen als a2 Untereinheiten. Dies könnte die insektenselektive Wirkung, die bei dieser Pestizidklasse in vivo beobachtet wird, erklĂ€ren. In einem Versuch die Liganden-Struktur-AktivitĂ€tsbeziehungen aufzuklĂ€ren, wurden 8 Strukturanaloga von Acetylcholin chemisch synthetisiert und zusammen mit 5 kommerziell erworbenen Verbindungen in Voltage-Clamp Experimenten mit Lca1/Ggb2, Lca2/Ggb2 und Gga4/Ggb2 analysiert. Ein Vergleich der Daten fĂŒr Insekten versus Huhn nAChR a Untereinheiten ermöglichte es neue Struktur-Wirkungs- und Struktur-SelektivitĂ€tsbeziehungen zu erkennen. Im Fall von N-Ethyl-Acetylcholin erhöhte sich der EC50-Wert fĂŒr Huhn Gga4/Ggb2 nahezu um den Faktor 1000 relativ zu ACh, wĂ€hrend sowohl fĂŒr Lca1/Ggb2 als auch fĂŒr Lca2/Ggb2 die Wirksamkeit bei einem Ă€hnlichen Wert blieb wie der von Acetylcholin. Weitere Derivate mit deutlichem SelektivitĂ€tspotential gegenĂŒber Insekten-nAChR waren Acetyl-a-Methylcholin und Trimethyl-(3-Methoxy-3-Oxopropyl) Ammonium, gefolgt von Acetylhomocholin und Trimethyl-(4-Oxopentyl) Ammonium. Die Identifizierung dieser insektenspezifischen Eigenschaften der Struktur-AktivitĂ€tsbeziehungen könnte eine Orientierung zur Identifizierung oder zum Design von Agonisten der Insekten-nAChR mithilfe strukturbasierter oder in silico Methoden liefern

    Management of hyperkalaemia in acute kidney injury in a heart failure patient with patiromer

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    Aims: One prevalent comorbidity of chronic heart failure (CHF) is chronic kidney disease(CKD). Hyperkalemia is associated with both CHF and CKD, which often leads to withdrawal of heart failure medications in clinical praxis. Methods and results: A patient is presented who suffered from acute kidney injury with pre‐existing CKD as heart failure comorbidity and a history of hyperkalemia. Conclusions: This case shows that potassium levels remained stable in acute kidney injury under ongoing heart failure medications, including an MRA, with the use of the potassium binder patiromer

    Die Idee der UniversitÀt heute

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    Der Autor hĂ€lt an Humboldt fest, will ihn aber um einige Elemente ergĂ€nzen. In seinem Beitrag plĂ€diert er, wie Humboldt, auf ein „auf Persönlichkeitsbildung gerichtetes Bildungsideal“ mit weiteren Elementen: „Öffentlichkeit, Translation, Verantwortlichkeit, Vielfalt, InternationalitĂ€t und InterkulturalitĂ€t“. Von ihnen können wichtige Impulse fĂŒr die weitere Entwicklung der UniversitĂ€t Passau ausgehen. (DIPF/Orig.

    Clinical Outcomes and Cadaveric Biomechanical Analysis of Endoscopic Percutaneous Achilles Tendon Rupture Repair With Absorbable Suture

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    Background: Percutaneous repair of acute Achilles tendon rupture (ATR) continues to gain in popularity. The primary aim of the study was to review the outcomes of a patient cohort undergoing a novel technique of endoscopic percutaneous Achilles tendon repair with absorbable suture. A secondary purpose of this study was to evaluate the basic biomechanical properties of the technique. Methods: A cohort of 30 patients who underwent percutaneous ATR repair was retrospectively analyzed with Achilles Tendon Rupture Scores (ATRS), complications, and additional outcome measures. For a biomechanical analysis portion of the study, 12 cadaveric specimens were paired and randomized to either novel percutaneous repair or open Kessler repair with absorbable suture. These specimens were subjected to 2 phases of cyclical testing (100 cycles 10-43 N followed by 200 cycles 10-86 N) and ultimate strength testing. Results: In the clinical portion of the study we report excellent patient reported outcomes (mean ATRS 94.1), high level of return to sport, and high patient satisfaction. One partial re-rupture was reported but with no major wound or neurologic complications. In the biomechanical portion of the study we found no significant difference in tendon gapping between percutaneous and open repairs in phase 1 of testing. In phase 2, increased gapping occurred between percutaneous (17.8 mm [range 10.7-24.1, SD 6.4]) and open repairs (10.8 mm [range 7.6-14.9, SD 2.7, P = .037]). The ultimate load at failure was not statistically different between the 2 repairs. Conclusions: A percutaneous ATR repair technique using endoscopic assistance and absorbable suture demonstrated low complications and good outcomes in a cohort of patients, with high satisfaction, and excellent functional outcomes including high rates of return to sport. Cadaveric biomechanical testing demonstrated excellent survival during testing and minimal increase in gapping compared with open repair technique, representing sufficient strength to withstand forces seen in early rehabilitation. A percutaneous Achilles tendon repair technique with absorbable suture may minimize risks associated with operative repair while still maintaining the benefit of operative repair. Level of Evidence: Level IV, retrospective case series

    European Union and German law on co-existence: Individualisation of a systemic problem

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