Food systems in the Bangladesh Delta : Overview of food systems in Bangladesh with a focus on the coastal south west

Deltas, as areas with both land and water, have always been attractive places to live because they offer good conditions for agriculture, and because navigation was for a long time important for transport. These reasons apply also to the Bangladesh delta, the most important food system for the region. However, the food production system is experiencing (increasing) pressures that threaten food security. The Bangladesh delta has become more vulnerable to development and risks related to climate change, including floods, cyclones, drought, heat stress and salinity intrusion, threatening humans and livestock and reducing agricultural and aquacultural potential. Due to changes in the area of sea level rise, temperature and precipitation changes, salinisation, water quality problems, drying out and flooding, population pressure and urbanisation, agricultural production is becoming more uncertain. Other threats to food security are the prevalence of both stunting and obesity, while food safety standards are rather low due to the usage of (agro) chemicals during or after harvest. A main concern specifically observed in southwestern Bangladesh is the salinisation of water and soil, which threatens the entire food production system of the region. The question is how to deal with this in the future in order to ensure the livelihoods of farmers and to ensure that sufficient, safe and nutritious food is available for the growing and increasingly urban population, while at the same time ensuring that, as protein demand increases and agricultural land decreases, the environment is not compromised and climate change is suitably addressed. This report provides an analysis of the food system in Bangladesh, with an emphasis on the southwestern delta, and, after that, begins by describing possible transition pathways. The pathways explored are i) focus on mangroves in combination with shrimp cultivation; ii) improved water and soil management; iii) climate adaptive livestock management (also linked to salinity), iv) change in farmer behaviour. This is an innovative and interdisciplinary approach still to be developed further; therefore, transition pathways should be further assessed, with the involvement of various stakeholders

Continued expansion of the trans-Atlantic invasive marine angiosperm Halophila stipulacea in the Eastern Caribbean

Halophila stipulacea (Hydrocharitaceae) is reported for the first time from Aruba, Curaçao, Grenadines (Grenada), St. Eustatius, St. John (US Virgin Islands), St. Martin (France), and St. Vincent and the Grenadines, bringing the total number of known occurrences from eastern Caribbean islands to 19. Native to the Red Sea and western Indian Ocean, H. stipulacea spread to the Mediterranean Sea in the late 1800s and became established in the eastern Caribbean in 2002. The species has dispersed north and south of its first sighting in Grenada and now spans a latitudinal distance of 6° (\u3e700 km), most likely facilitated by a combination of commercial and recreational boat traffic. The continuing range expansion of H. stipulacea indicates the species has successfully acclimated to surviving in the Caribbean environment, warranting further investigation into its ecological interactions with the indigenous seagrasses