A study of the reaction deuteron (proton, deuteron-positive pion) neutron at 506 MeV

In an experiment performed at TRIUMF, exclusive data for the reaction (\u272)H(p,d(pi)(\u27+))n at 506 MeV were obtained. The primary variables measured were the deuteron momentum and deuteron angles, obtained with the Medium Resolution Spectrometer (MRS), and the pion angles detected in a 14-telescope array. Deuteron angles covered were between 11 and 17(DEGREES) in steps of 2(DEGREES). The pion telescopes were positioned between 24 and 96(DEGREES), 4(DEGREES) apart for the first nine, and 9(DEGREES) apart for the remaining five counters.;The fifth order differential cross section are transformed to a neutron momentum density with the help of the Impulse Approximation. Parts of the result compare well with previous data and theoretical expectation for the neutron momentum density in the deuteron. The remaining part is discussed in terms of a nd rescattering correction to the Impulse Approximation

Smallholder Agricultural Commercialization for Income Growth and Poverty Alleviation: A Review from Ethiopian Context

This review paper explores the concept of smallholder agricultural commercialization highlighting cases from Ethiopia. With most of Ethiopia’s rural poor primarily depending on agriculture for livelihoods, shifting production from current subsistence towards market orientation (commercializing) can significantly increase the income and welfare of small farmers (smallholders) as well as contribute to economic growth and poverty alleviation. Smallholders face many environmental and individual constraints to commercialize. However, the changing environment driven by growing population, urbanization, income, global interconnectedness, policy reforms, technology, food industry restructuring and climate change presents opportunities for smallholder market participation. Efforts made in the country produced varying degrees of success depending on contexts and strategies, but collaborative efforts have been the most successful. While some negative effects can emerge, the expected income-mediated positive results at household and societal level are greater. The key components of commercialization are its drivers, determinants, processes, strategies, indicators and effects - which can be synthesized into a conceptual model useful in planning, implementation and review of commercialization programs. Future research needs to comprehensively define and measure commercialization and develop models which stimulate multi-stakeholder support for smallholders, joint investments, attitude change and entrepreneurship to succeed in smallholder commercialization. Keywords: Smallholder, agricultural commercialization, income growth, poverty alleviation, Ethiopia

Investigating Major Choice Among 1.5- Generation Immigrant Trinity College Students

Over the past decade, the average number of 1.5 generation immigrant students that have enrolled, attended, and graduated from a liberal arts institution has increased drastically. However, their experiences with higher education and the motivation behind their college major selection have continued to be overlooked in the fields of Social Sciences. This study was administered at Trinity College, a small liberal arts institution in Hartford, Connecticut, with the goal of answering how Trinity College\u27s 1.5 generation immigrant students negotiate college major choices due to parental expectations. Additionally, it will explore and explain how these choices and students’ experiences at Trinity College will affect their academic success and economic mobility. Using qualitative research, eight semi-structured video interviews were conducted with 1.5 generation immigrant sophomore, junior and senior students from Trinity College. Interviews focused on the relationship between 1.5 generation immigrant students\u27 parents and the role that they played in their children\u27s educational experience, especially during the college process and their aspirations after graduating. This study was able to identify three groups: students who were influenced by their parents to choose a specific major (Conformists), students who were influenced by their parents to pick a specific major but change it (Rebels) and students who pursued the college major they wanted (Independents)

Impact of Budgeting Process on Organizational Effectiveness: Evidence from Wolaita Zone Selected Woreda Public Finance Sectors

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the Impact of budgeting process on the organizational effectiveness in Wolaita zone public finance and economy development sectors. Qualitative and quantitative research methods were employed. The study was carried out in purposively selected five woreda of the zone. Moreover, Stratified and simple random sampling techniques were respectively applied to select a sample of 157 staff members. From these 157 respondents, only 151 samples were used to collect the data (i.e. 96 %) of the respondents participated in the study. The data were collected through questionnaires and document analysis. The data obtained from respondents were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression analysis via SPSS version 20.0 soft ware. The findings of the study indicated that there was a direct relation between the effects of BPL, BI, BC, and TRB with the organizational effectiveness on WZOFED. The study indicated that the contribution of budget planning for the success of organizational effectiveness seems not promising as others did. Thus, its significance was not as strong as others. Inefficient budget utilization and Budget control in their organizations was not promising as expected.  All of four independent variables are making 63.20% of the contribution to OE in WZOEFD. Finally, recommendations such as empowering major stakeholders in budget planning, improving the execution of budget implementation, establishing budget control system and Providing Training Programs for Employees to Improve Organizational Effectiveness in Finance Sectors, enhancing organizational capacity in the budget process were forwarded to overcome organizational effectiveness challenges in the study area. 1.2. Key words: Impact, budget, budgeting process, Government Finance, organizational effectiveness. DOI: 10.7176/JESD/10-1-0

Comparison of meristem culture and heat therapy to clean garlic (Allium sativum L.) infecting virus in Ethiopia

Experiment to detect garlic-infecting virus for three improved garlic varieties and to clean the virus were conducted in Ethiopia. Garlic cloves were planted in screen house at Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute Hub Nairobi, Kenya in 2014. Reverse Transcription polymerase chain reaction (*RT-PCR) technique was applied using two general Potyvirus detecting primer sets designated as CP and Nib. The primers were designed based on deep sequencing information previously generated from infected Ethiopian garlic samples. The RT-PCR diagnosis showed that the three improved garlic varieties were completely infected by potyvirus across all tested sites. Thus, to recover the cultivars two techniques viz. meristem culture alone and meristem culture associated with thermotherapy (cloves treated with 38oc for 60 days) were compared. Then, indexing by RTPCR indicated that 77% and 82% in vitro plantlets were found to be virus free from meristem culture alone and thermotherapy associated with meristem culture, respectively

Climate Change Vulnerability Analysis Methods for Human and Natural Systems: A Review

Climate change is one of the most complex problems of our time presenting unique challenges for societies. Climate change impacts bring serious damages especially in developing countries and is making the resources of the countries more vulnerable. Vulnerability assessments can play a vital role in the designing of appropriate adaptation and mitigation policies targeted towards climate change and its impacts on human systems and natural systems. The review was based on secondary data obtained through various sources such as textbooks, journals, conference papers, published and unpublished materials with emphasizes on concepts and definitions of vulnerability, vulnerability analysis methods, conceptual approaches, and vulnerable human and natural systems to climate change. To this end climate change adaptation mechanisms in Ethiopia were reviewed. Moreover, different vulnerability and vulnerability analysis sector wise were also reviewed. Finally, as a case study, climate change vulnerability analysis in Agricultural and water Sectors in Ethiopia were also reviewed. Keywords: Vulnerable, vulnerability analysis, climate change, impacts DOI: 10.7176/RHSS/12-21-03 Publication date: November 30th 202

Comparative Study on the Effect of Applying Biogas Slurry and Inorganic Fertilizer on Soil Properties, Growth and Yield of White Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata f. alba)

The use of locally available, nutrient rich organic sources is an effective means for improving soil fertility and increasing crop yield in view of the escalating cost of inorganic fertilizers and low fertilizer use efficiency of crops in Ethiopia. This study was conducted in Sebeta Hawas Woreda with the objective of comparing the effectiveness of bio-slurry and inorganic fertilizer on soil properties, growth and yield of white cabbage. Laboratory analysis and field experiment were done on bio-slurry in liquid and composted form to determine the nutrient content and effect of bio-slurry and inorganic fertilizer on  plant height, number of leaves, head yield and nutrient content of  cabbage as well as physical and chemical properties of  the soil. The maximum plant height (cm) was obtained from T6 (recommended dose of inorganic fertilizer (RDIF) + biogas slurry compost (BGSC) at (8ton/ha), while the lowest plant height (cm) was recorded in T1 (control). Cabbage plants treated with T7 ( (1/2 RDIF) + (½ BGSC )), T6 ( (RDIF) + BGSC at  8ton/ha),T5 (BGSC at (8ton/ha)) and T6  showed the highest number of  leaves at 2,4,6 and 8 weeks after planting respectively. With regard to fresh weight of individual head, T6 showed the highest value for fresh weight of individual head. Considering major nutrient content of white cabbage, it can be inferred that bio-slurry and inorganic fertilizer showed no significant effects on leaf phosphorous and potassium value but bio-slurry applied in combination with inorganic fertilizers has positive influence on nitrogen content. The study also revealed that there was significant contribution of bio-slurry to increase organic carbon, phosphorus and cation exchange capacity of soil. Keywords: Growth, head yield, soil properties, bio-slurry, fertilize

Socio Economic and Environmental Benefits of Biogas Slurry

This study was conducted in Sebeta Hawas Woreda with the objective of assessing socio-economic feasibility and environmental contribution of bio-slurry.  The questionnaire survey was conducted to obtain information on the family size, number of cattle, type of  fertilizer used, the amount of money saved by biogas using households when replacing chemical fertilizer with bio-slurry, bio-slurry storage and management, household yield increment and perception of soil fertility improvement by using  bio-slurry as organic fertilizer. Bio-slurry is environment friendly as mentioned by 92 % respondents and 80.8 percent of the bio-slurry users save 1000-2000 ETB per year and 19.2% save 2000-3000 ETB per year. Keywords: bio-slurry, fertilizer, environmen