Survival and Movement of Adult Rainbow Trout During Winter and Spring in the Henrys Fork of the Snake River

Discharge downstream from Island Park Dam on the Henrys Fork of the Snake River in Idaho is reduced each winter to facilitate storage of irrigation water. The effect this has on survival and movement of adult rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in this area is unknown. Additionally, fish movement during the spring has not been evaluated but may affect population estimates conducted in the tailwater monitoring area downstream from Island Park Dam prior to opening of fishing season. Therefore, we used radio telemetry to evaluate winter survival and movement of 61 adult rainbow trout in the Henrys Fork downstream from Island Park Dam under low and extremely low early winter flow conditions. Spring movement was also evaluated to asses whether the population estimates conducted in the monitoring area each spring represent fish from downstream adjacent reaches of the river, and how emigration between mark and recapture periods may affect the population estimate. Survival of radio-tagged trout was nearly 100 percent during early winter under both low and extremely low flow conditions and winter movement did not differ between the two years. Few radio-tagged rainbow trout from downriver were present in the monitoring reach during the time when the population estimate is normally conducted, indicating that large fluctuations in fish numbers in downstream reaches would likely be undetected based on population estimates conducted in the monitoring area. To remedy this, establishing a separate, regular population monitoring area in downstream reaches is recommended. We determined emigration from the monitoring reach between mark and recapture to have a minimal effect on the population estimate. However, we noted that all radio-tagged trout moving out of the monitoring reach during May moved into a short section of river between the monitoring reach and Island Park Dam, presumably to spawn. Therefore, emigration could be largely eliminated by extending the monitoring reach upstream to the dam

Time Left for Intervention in the Suicidal Process in Borderline Personality Disorder

The objective of this study was to measure the duration of the suicidal process among patients diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). The sample included 110 female patients who met DSM-IV-TR criteria for BPD and were consecutively admitted after suicide-related behavior. A total of 63 patients (58%) reported that their suicidal process lasted 10 minutes or less. After being adjusted, the β coefficient of impulsivity scales in women with a suicidal process ≤10 minutes was lower compared to those observed in women with >10 min (β = −0.03, 95% CI = −0.06 = −0.01, p < 0.01). Suicidal patients with BPD can be divided into two groups; patients who report a suicidal process less than 10 minutes show a higher degree of impulsivity.Fil: Daray, Federico Manuel. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Teti, Germán Leandro. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital Neuropsiquiátrico "Braulio A. Moyano"; ArgentinaFil: Rojas, Sasha M.. University Of Arkansas - Fayetteville; Estados UnidosFil: Fantini, Adrian Pablo. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital Neuropsiquiátrico "Braulio A. Moyano"; ArgentinaFil: Cárdenas Delgado, Christian. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital Neuropsiquiátrico "Braulio A. Moyano"; ArgentinaFil: Armesto, Arnaldo Raúl. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina; ArgentinaFil: Derito, María N. C.. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital Neuropsiquiátrico "Braulio A. Moyano"; ArgentinaFil: Rebok, Federico. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital Neuropsiquiátrico "Braulio A. Moyano"; Argentin

Infiltration of Sulfate to Enhance Sulfate Reduction of Petroleum Hydrocarbons

The lack of sufficient electron acceptors, particularly sulfate, can limit the rate of biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs). Hence there is a growing interest by remediation practitioners to deliver sulfate to a PHC impacted saturated zone to enhance biodegradation. When shallow contamination is present in a relatively permeable aquifer and site constraints allow, a cost-effective approach is to apply sulfate on the ground surface. In this investigation a pilot-scale experiment was conducted to increase our understanding of the delivery of sulfate using a surface-based method and the resulting impact on a shallow PHC contaminated aquifer. A surficial infiltration pond positioned on the ground surface above a well-characterized residual PHC source zone was used to control sulfate dosing. A high-resolution network near the infiltration pond and downgradient of the source zone was employed to monitor relevant geochemical indicators and PHC concentrations. Compound specific isotope analysis (CSIA) was used to identify biodegradation patterns and to investigate the occurrence of microbial sulfate reduction. Selected metabolites and reverse-transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses of expressed biodegradation genes (as mRNA) were also used to characterize the response of indigenous microorganisms (especially sulfate reducing bacteria) to the added sulfate. Three sulfate application episodes (5000 L each) at various Na 2 SO 4 concentrations were allowed to infiltrate under a constant hydraulic head. Although the applied sulfate solution was impacted by density driven advection, detailed monitoring data indicated that the sulfate-enriched water mixed with up-gradient groundwater as it migrated downward through the residual PHC zone and formed a co-mingled downgradient plume with the dissolved PHC compounds. The enrichment of δ 34 S of sulfate in conjunction with a decrease in sulfate concentration showed the occurrence of sulfate reduction due to the applied sulfate. Increased dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentrations associated with a shift toward more depleted values of δ 13 C of DIC was indicative of an input of isotopically depleted DIC from biodegradation of benzene, toluene and o-xylene (BTX). Despite fluctuations in the BTX concentrations, the CSIA data for BTX showed that these compounds were biodegraded. The biomarker data provided supporting evidence that toluene and o-xylene were undergoing anaerobic biodegradation due to sulfate reduction. This study provides insight into factors controlling surface-based delivery of sulfate to shallow PHC impacted groundwater systems, and the value of isotopic and molecular-biological procedures to augment conventional monitoring tools

Microbial community dynamics and stability during an ammonia-induced shift to syntrophic acetate oxidation

Anaerobic digesters rely on the diversity and distribution of parallel metabolic pathways mediated by complex syntrophic microbial communities to maintain robust and optimal performance. Using mesophilic swine waste digesters, we experimented with increased ammonia loading to induce a shift from aceticlastic methanogenesis to an alternative acetate-consuming pathway of syntrophic acetate oxidation. In comparison with control digesters, we observed shifts in bacterial 16S rRNA gene content and in functional gene repertoires over the course of the digesters' 3-year operating period. During the first year, under identical startup conditions, all bioreactors mirrored each other closely in terms of bacterial phylotype content, phylogenetic structure, and evenness. When we perturbed the digesters by increasing the ammonia concentration or temperature, the distribution of bacterial phylotypes became more uneven, followed by a return to more even communities once syntrophic acetate oxidation had allowed the experimental bioreactors to regain stable operation. The emergence of syntrophic acetate oxidation coincided with a partial shift from aceticlastic to hydrogenotrophic methanogens. Our 16S rRNA gene analysis also revealed that acetate-fed enrichment experiments resulted in communities that did not represent the bioreactor community. Analysis of shotgun sequencing of community DNA suggests that syntrophic acetate oxidation was carried out by a heterogeneous community rather than by a specific keystone population with representatives of enriched cultures with this metabolic capacity

Characterization of Trapped Lignin-Degrading Microbes in Tropical Forest Soil

Lignin is often the most difficult portion of plant biomass to degrade, with fungi generally thought to dominate during late stage decomposition. Lignin in feedstock plant material represents a barrier to more efficient plant biomass conversion and can also hinder enzymatic access to cellulose, which is critical for biofuels production. Tropical rain forest soils in Puerto Rico are characterized by frequent anoxic conditions and fluctuating redox, suggesting the presence of lignin-degrading organisms and mechanisms that are different from known fungal decomposers and oxygen-dependent enzyme activities. We explored microbial lignin-degraders by burying bio-traps containing lignin-amended and unamended biosep beads in the soil for 1, 4, 13 and 30 weeks. At each time point, phenol oxidase and peroxidase enzyme activity was found to be elevated in the lignin-amended versus the unamended beads, while cellulolytic enzyme activities were significantly depressed in lignin-amended beads. Quantitative PCR of bacterial communities showed more bacterial colonization in the lignin-amended compared to the unamended beads after one and four weeks, suggesting that the lignin supported increased bacterial abundance. The microbial community was analyzed by small subunit 16S ribosomal RNA genes using microarray (PhyloChip) and by high-throughput amplicon pyrosequencing based on universal primers targeting bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic communities. Community trends were significantly affected by time and the presence of lignin on the beads. Lignin-amended beads have higher relative abundances of representatives from the phyla Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Acidobacteria and Proteobacteria compared to unamended beads. This study suggests that in low and fluctuating redox soils, bacteria could play a role in anaerobic lignin decomposition

Il riconoscimento del diritto all'affettività dei detenuti per un carcere più umano: una lacuna normativa da superare

La tesi in questione analizza la delicata tematica della questione affettiva in carcere, in particolare ripercorrendo l'evoluzione avutasi nel nostro ordinamento dal periodo fascista ai giorni nostri, procedendo poi a una comparazione con alcuni paesi europei. Si riscontra ad oggi una evidente difficoltà di adattare strutturalmente le nostre carceri per favorire lo scambio affettivo tra detenuti e familiari, in particolare partner e figli minori, a causa dei pregiudizi, della concreta impreparazione degli addetti penitenziari ad affrontare il tema e della mancanza di fondi, indispensabili per poter ripensare architettonicamente le strutture detentive. Segue un'analisi sul tema connesso della genitorialità e dell'importanza che le relazioni affettive rivestono ai fini della riduzione della recidiva, citando alcuni importanti progetti messi in atto nelle carceri di quasi tutta Italia da varie associazioni specializzate sull'argomento

USING STABLE ISOTOPE PROBING TO IDENTIFY SOIL MICROBIAL POPULATIONS INVOLVED IN PHENOL METABOLISM AT AN AGRICULTURAL FIELD SITE

Dr. Eugene Masden, Dr. Anthony HayThe global distribution and universal toxicity of phenolic compounds make their degradation of great interest. The goal of this field study was to provide insight into three distinct populations of microorganisms involved in in situ metabolism of phenol. Our approach measured 13CO2 respired from 13C-labeled phenol and stable isotope probing (SIP) of soil DNA at an agricultural field site. Traditionally, SIP-based investigations have been subject to the uncertainties posed by carbon cross-feeding. By altering our field-based, substrate-dosing methodologies, experiments were designed to look beyond primary degraders to detect trophically related populations in the food chain. Using GC/MS, it was shown that 13C-labeled biomass, derived from primary phenol degraders in soil, was a suitable growth substrate for other members of the soil microbial community. Next, three dosing regimes were designed to examine active members of the microbial community involved in phenol metabolism in situ: (i) 1 dose of 13C-phenol, (ii) 11 daily doses of unlabeled-phenol followed by 1 dose of 13C-phenol, and (iii) 12 daily doses of 13C-phenol. GC/MS analysis demonstrated that prior exposure to phenol boosted 13CO2 evolution by a factor of 10. Furthermore, imaging of 13C-treated soil using Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) verified that individual bacteria inc orporated 13C into their biomass. PCR amplification and 16S rRNA gene sequencing of 13C-labeled soil DNA from the 3 dosing regimes revealed three distinct clone libraries: (i) unenriched, primary phenol degraders were most diverse, consisting of ?-, ?-, and ?-proteobacteria, and high G+C Gram-positive bacteria, (ii) enriched primary phenol degraders were dominated by members of the genera Kocuria and Staphylococcus, and (iii) trophically-related (carbon cross-feeders) were dominated by members of the genus Pseudomonas. Furthermore, fungi-specific PCR amplification and sequencing of the 18S-28S internal transcribed spacer region genes from soil-derived, 13C-DNA revealed a number of fungi involved in phenol degradation at this site. 13C-labeled fungal DNA was only detected in one of our treatments (that representing trophically-related carbon cross-feeders) which suggests that these organisms are potentially secondary consumers in phenol-degradation at this site. These data show that SIP has the potential to document population shifts caused by substrate pre-exposure and to follow the flow of carbon through terrestrial microbial food chains.National Institute of Environmental Health Science

Alívio de tensões residuais por vibração em juntas soldadas de aço DP600

O processo de soldagem GTAW é muito utilizado na indústria aeroespacial e automobilística por fornecer juntas com excelente acabamento superficial e propriedades mecânicas. Entretanto, as tensões residuais resultantes dos processos de soldagem, devido ao grande aporte térmico, podem ser deletérias à vida em serviço do componente. Neste contexto, o conhecimento sobre a influência dos parâmetros de soldagem na natureza e magnitude das tensões residuais é de suma importância para que se possa prever a vida em fadiga do componente. No presente trabalho, foi estudado o método de alívio de tensões por vibração, que consiste em uma vibração de baixa ressonância, nas tensões residuais de uma junta soldada de aço Dual Phase (DP 600) pelo processo GTAW. Após a soldagem, as tensões residuais foram avaliadas na zona fundida (ZF), zona termicamente afetada (ZTA) e no metal de base (MB). Foi utilizada tensometria por difração de raios-X pelo método do sen2ψ. Os resultados mostraram que as tensões residuais trativas obtidas na zona fundida após a soldagem sofreram alívio superior a 60%, significando assim que este método é eficiente para aplicação industrial em juntas soldadasGTAW welding process is widely used in the aerospace and automotive industry as it provides joints with excellent surface finish and mechanical properties. However, the residual stresses resulting from the welding processes, due to the large thermal input, can be deleterious to the life in service of the component. In this context, knowledge about the influence of welding parameters on the nature and magnitude of residual stresses is of paramount importance in order to predict fatigue life of the component. In the present work, the vibratory stress relief method, which consists of a low resonance vibration, at the residual stresses of a Dual Phase (DP 600) welded steel joint by the GTAW process was studied. After welding the residual stresses were evaluated in the molten zone (MZ), heat affected zone (HAZ) and in the base metal (BM). X-ray diffraction tensiometry was used by the sen2ψ method. The results showed that the residual tensile stresses obtained in the MZ after welding had relief of more than 60%, meaning that this method is efficient for industrial application in welded joint

Acoustically-Enhanced Cooling of Thin Liquid Sheets

Thin liquid films are common in fluid mechanics and engineering. In this project, the goal is to simulate how symmetrically oscillating plates can acoustically enhance the cooling process of a thin, incompressible liquid sheet. The governing equations of this system include mass, momentum, and energy balance equations for both the liquid and the compressible. After scaling these equations, a long-wave analysis is performed, and we find equations that describe the evolution of interface height, liquid velocity, and temperature of the system. The evolution of these equations are numerically simulated over time, testing several sets of parameter values. It was found that an oscillating plate, compared to a stationary one, improves cooling. Additional dynamics of this system will be discussed

Comparative Analysis of Open-Source Vulnerability Scanners for IoT Devices

Internet of Things devices are commonly overlooked when it comes to security. Deployment follows the trend that the devices are powered on and installed, often without proper configuration or regards to the security they possess. Being Internet connected, these devices should be held to the security standards that other systems are held to. Vulnerability scanners are the most effective and least time-consuming method to determine the vulnerabilities present on a device and provide insight on steps for mitigation and hardening. However, these scanners do not inherently support the lightweight, low powered, and proprietary nature of IoT devices. This paper analyzes and compares the use of several well-known and lesser-known open-source vulnerability scanners used with home IoT devices. The aim is to cover all aspects of using these programs: the ease of use, support available, effectiveness of the scanners, direction provided in mitigation, and various operational metrics. In the end, a comprehensive analysis of each scanner will be provided, discussing the advantages and disadvantages of each, as well as their best use cases. The intention of these results is to provide an informative viewpoint on what vulnerability scanner should be selected for an individual based on a hands-on analysis and comparison