Sea-level rise and archaeological site destruction: An example from the southeastern United States using DINAA (Digital Index of North American Archaeology)

The impact of changing climate on terrestrial and underwater archaeological sites, historic buildings, and cultural landscapes can be examined through quantitatively-based analyses encompassing large data samples and broad geographic and temporal scales. The Digital Index of North American Archaeology (DINAA) is a multi-institutional collaboration that allows researchers online access to linked heritage data from multiple sources and data sets. The effects of sea-level rise and concomitant human population relocation is examined using a sample from nine states encompassing much of the Gulf and Atlantic coasts of the southeastern United States. A 1 m rise in sea-level will result in the loss of over \u3e13,000 recorded historic and prehistoric archaeological sites, as well as over 1000 locations currently eligible for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), encompassing archaeological sites, standing structures, and other cultural properties. These numbers increase substantially with each additional 1 m rise in sea level, with \u3e32,000 archaeological sites and \u3e2400 NRHP properties lost should a 5 m rise occur. Many more unrecorded archaeological and historic sites will also be lost as large areas of the landscape are flooded. The displacement of millions of people due to rising seas will cause additional impacts where these populations resettle. Sea level rise will thus result in the loss of much of the record of human habitation of the coastal margin in the Southeast within the next one to two centuries, and the numbers indicate the magnitude of the impact on the archaeological record globally. Construction of large linked data sets is essential to developing procedures for sampling, triage, and mitigation of these impacts

The Long-Baseline Neutrino Experiment: Exploring Fundamental Symmetries of the Universe

The preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early Universe, the dynamics of the supernova bursts that produced the heavy elements necessary for life and whether protons eventually decay --- these mysteries at the forefront of particle physics and astrophysics are key to understanding the early evolution of our Universe, its current state and its eventual fate. The Long-Baseline Neutrino Experiment (LBNE) represents an extensively developed plan for a world-class experiment dedicated to addressing these questions. LBNE is conceived around three central components: (1) a new, high-intensity neutrino source generated from a megawatt-class proton accelerator at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, (2) a near neutrino detector just downstream of the source, and (3) a massive liquid argon time-projection chamber deployed as a far detector deep underground at the Sanford Underground Research Facility. This facility, located at the site of the former Homestake Mine in Lead, South Dakota, is approximately 1,300 km from the neutrino source at Fermilab -- a distance (baseline) that delivers optimal sensitivity to neutrino charge-parity symmetry violation and mass ordering effects. This ambitious yet cost-effective design incorporates scalability and flexibility and can accommodate a variety of upgrades and contributions. With its exceptional combination of experimental configuration, technical capabilities, and potential for transformative discoveries, LBNE promises to be a vital facility for the field of particle physics worldwide, providing physicists from around the globe with opportunities to collaborate in a twenty to thirty year program of exciting science. In this document we provide a comprehensive overview of LBNE's scientific objectives, its place in the landscape of neutrino physics worldwide, the technologies it will incorporate and the capabilities it will possess.Comment: Major update of previous version. This is the reference document for LBNE science program and current status. Chapters 1, 3, and 9 provide a comprehensive overview of LBNE's scientific objectives, its place in the landscape of neutrino physics worldwide, the technologies it will incorporate and the capabilities it will possess. 288 pages, 116 figure

Sea-level rise and archaeological site destruction: An example from the southeastern United States using DINAA (Digital Index of North American Archaeology).

The impact of changing climate on terrestrial and underwater archaeological sites, historic buildings, and cultural landscapes can be examined through quantitatively-based analyses encompassing large data samples and broad geographic and temporal scales. The Digital Index of North American Archaeology (DINAA) is a multi-institutional collaboration that allows researchers online access to linked heritage data from multiple sources and data sets. The effects of sea-level rise and concomitant human population relocation is examined using a sample from nine states encompassing much of the Gulf and Atlantic coasts of the southeastern United States. A 1 m rise in sea-level will result in the loss of over >13,000 recorded historic and prehistoric archaeological sites, as well as over 1000 locations currently eligible for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), encompassing archaeological sites, standing structures, and other cultural properties. These numbers increase substantially with each additional 1 m rise in sea level, with >32,000 archaeological sites and >2400 NRHP properties lost should a 5 m rise occur. Many more unrecorded archaeological and historic sites will also be lost as large areas of the landscape are flooded. The displacement of millions of people due to rising seas will cause additional impacts where these populations resettle. Sea level rise will thus result in the loss of much of the record of human habitation of the coastal margin in the Southeast within the next one to two centuries, and the numbers indicate the magnitude of the impact on the archaeological record globally. Construction of large linked data sets is essential to developing procedures for sampling, triage, and mitigation of these impacts

Land area loss in the southeastern United States due to sea level rise, in sq km.

<p>Data: [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0188142#pone.0188142.ref108" target="_blank">108</a>].</p

Archaeological site loss in the southeastern United States due to sea level rise within 200 km of the coast.

<p>Data: [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0188142#pone.0188142.ref072" target="_blank">72</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0188142#pone.0188142.ref073" target="_blank">73</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0188142#pone.0188142.ref151" target="_blank">151</a>].</p

Land area in the southeastern United States within 50 m AMSL.

<p>Data: [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0188142#pone.0188142.ref108" target="_blank">108</a>].</p

DINAA links information in a wide range of online data repositories, using archaeological site numbers as the common referent.

<p>DINAA directs users to these outlets, but access and content control remains on their systems (black arrows indicate existing linkages, white arrows indicate linkages under development).</p

Site incidence as it relates to potential loss from sea-level rise, grouped by elevation in meters above present mean sea level.

<p><b>Data: [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0188142#pone.0188142.ref072" target="_blank">72</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0188142#pone.0188142.ref073" target="_blank">73</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0188142#pone.0188142.ref151" target="_blank">151</a>].</b> All recorded sites within a buffer of 200 km from the present coastline are shown.</p

Population displacement in the southeastern United States due to sea level rise.

<p>Data: [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0188142#pone.0188142.ref106" target="_blank">106</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0188142#pone.0188142.ref107" target="_blank">107</a>].</p