The biomechanics of the knee following injury and reconstruction of the posterior cruciate ligament c Louis DeFrate.

Thesis (Sc. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2005."June 2005."Includes bibliographical references (leaves 199-216).Very little is known regarding the function of the posterior cruciate ligament in response to physiological loading conditions. A limited understanding of posterior cruciate ligament function might contribute to the poor clinical outcomes that are observed after reconstruction. Therefore, the objectives of this thesis were to quantify the biomechanical function of the posterior cruciate ligament both in-vitro and in-vivo and to investigate the effects of injury and reconstruction of the posterior cruciate ligament on knee joint biomechanics. First, muscle loading conditions were simulated in cadavers to measure the effects of posterior cruciate ligament injury and reconstruction on knee joint kinematics and contact pressures. Next, the structural properties of the grafts used in posterior cruciate ligament reconstructions were optimized using a theoretical model. In order to verify these results using an experimental model, an imaging system was developed to measure the strain distributions around the graft surface during tensile testing. Finally, the deformation of the posterior cruciate ligament was studied in living subjects using imaging and solid modeling techniques. Three-dimensional models of the knee joint, including the insertion sites of the posterior cruciate ligament were created from magnetic resonance images. The subjects then flexed their knees as they were imaged using fluoroscopy from two orthogonal directions. The models and orthogonal images were imported into a solid modeling software and used to reproduce the kinematics of the knee as a function of flexion. From these models, the three- dimensional deformation of the posterior cruciate ligament insertion sites was measured.(cont.) These data illustrated that the in-vivo function of the posterior cruciate ligament is different from that observed in in-vitro studies. Current surgical treatments of posterior cruciate ligament injuries do not account for the in-vivo function observed in this study. In summary, this thesis quantified the biomechanical role of the posterior cruciate ligament in response to physiological loading conditions. In addition, grafts used to reconstruct the posterior cruciate ligament were optimized. These data provide valuable information for developing surgical treatments that recreate the in-vivo biomechanics of the posterior cruciate ligament.Sc.D

Tibio-femoral joint constraints for bone pose estimation during movement using multi-body optimization

The financial support of the Universita'Italo-Francese (Call Vinci) and of the Department of Human Movement and Sport Sciences of the University of Rome ''Foro Italico'' is gratefully acknowledged. The authors wish to acknowledge Dr. Sophie Lacoste for her technical support and John McCamley for his contribution to the refinement of the manuscriptWhen using skin markers and stereophotogrammetry for movement analysis, bone pose estimation may be performed using multi-body optimization with the intent of reducing the effect of soft tissue artefacts. When the joint of interest is the knee, improvement of this approach requires defining subject-specific relevant kinematic constraints. The aim of this work was to provide these constraints in the form of plausible values for the distances between origin and insertion of the main ligaments (ligament lengths), during loaded healthy knee flexion, taking into account the indeterminacies associated with landmark identification during anatomical calibration. Ligament attachment sites were identified through virtual palpation on digital bone templates. Attachments sites were estimated for six knee specimens by matching the femur and tibia templates to low-dose stereoradiography images. Movement data were obtained using stereophotogrammetry and pin markers. Relevant ligament lengths for the anterior and posterior cruciate, lateral collateral, and deep and superficial bundles of the medial collateral ligaments (ACL, PCL, LCL, MCLdeep, MCLsup) were calculated. The effect of landmark identification variability was evaluated performing a Monte Carlo simulation on the coordinates of the origin-insertion centroids. The ACL and LCL lengths were found to decrease, and the MCLdeep length to increase significantly during flexion, while variations in PCL and MCLsup length was concealed by the experimental indeterminacy. An analytical model is given that provides subject-specific plausible ligament length variations as functions of the knee flexion angle and that can be incorporated in a multi-body optimization procedure

Predictors of Lumbar Spine Degeneration and Low Back Pain in the Community: The Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project

Objective: To determine the incidence and worsening of lumbar spine structure and low back pain (LBP) and whether they are predicted by demographic characteristics or clinical characteristics or appendicular joint osteoarthritis (OA). Methods: Paired baseline (2003–2004) and follow-up (2006–2010) lumbar spine radiographs from the Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project were graded for osteophytes (OST), disc space narrowing (DSN), spondylolisthesis, and presence of facet joint OA (FOA). Spine OA was defined as at least mild OST and mild DSN at the same level for any level of the lumbar spine. LBP, comorbidities, and back injury were self-reported. Weibull models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) of spine phenotypes accounting for potential predictors including demographic characteristics, clinical characteristics, comorbidities, obesity, and appendicular OA. Results: Obesity was a consistent and strong predictor of incidence of DSN (HR 1.80 [95% CI 1.09–2.98]), spine OA (HR 1.56 [95% CI 1.01–2.41]), FOA (HR 4.99 [95% CI 1.46–17.10]), spondylolisthesis (HR 1.87 [95% CI 1.02–3.43]), and LBP (HR 1.75 [95% CI 1.19–2.56]), and worsening of DSN (HR 1.51 [95% CI 1.09–2.09]) and LBP (HR 1.51 [95% CI 1.12–2.06]). Knee OA was a predictor of incident FOA (HR 4.18 [95% CI 1.44–12.2]). Spine OA (HR 1.80 [95% CI 1.24–2.63]) and OST (HR 1.85 [95% CI 1.02–3.36]) were predictors of incidence of LBP. Hip OA (HR 1.39 [95% CI 1.04–1.85]) and OST (HR 1.58 [95% CI 1.00–2.49]) were predictors of LBP worsening. Conclusion: Among the multiple predictors of spine phenotypes, obesity was a common predictor for both incidence and worsening of lumbar spine degeneration and LBP

Inflammatory, Structural, and Pain Biochemical Biomarkers May Reflect Radiographic Disc Space Narrowing: The Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project

The purpose of this work is to determine the relationship between biomarkers of inflammation, structure, and pain with radiographic disc space narrowing (DSN) in community-based participants. A total of 74 participants (37 cases and 37 controls) enrolled in the Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project during 2006–2010 were selected. The cases had at least mild radiographic DSN and low back pain (LBP). The controls had neither radiographic evidence of DSN nor LBP. The measured analytes from human serum included N-cadherin, Keratin-19, Lumican, CXCL6, RANTES, IL-17, IL-6, BDNF, OPG, and NPY. A standard dolorimeter measured pressure-pain threshold. The coefficients of variation were used to evaluate inter- and intra-assay reliability. Participants with similar biomarker profiles were grouped together using cluster analysis. The binomial regression models were used to estimate risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) in propensity score-matched models. Significant associations were found between radiographic DSN and OPG (RR = 3.90; 95% CI: 1.83, 8.31), IL-6 (RR = 2.54; 95% CI: 1.92, 3.36), and NPY (RR = 2.06 95% CI: 1.62, 2.63). Relative to a cluster with low levels of biomarkers, a cluster representing elevated levels of OPG, RANTES, Lumican, Keratin-19, and NPY (RR = 3.04; 95% CI: 1.22, 7.54) and a cluster representing elevated levels of NPY (RR = 2.91; 95% CI: 1.15, 7.39) were significantly associated with radiographic DSN. Clinical Significance: These findings suggest that individual and combinations of biochemical biomarkers may reflect radiographic DSN. This is just one step toward understanding the relationships between biochemical biomarkers and DSN that may lead to improved intervention delivery

New fluoroscopic imaging technique for investigation of 6DOF knee kinematics during treadmill gait

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Introduction</p> <p>This report presents a new imaging technique for non-invasive study of six degrees of freedom (DOF) knee kinematics during treadmill gait.</p> <p>Materials and methods</p> <p>A treadmill was integrated into a dual fluoroscopic imaging system (DFIS) to formulate a gait analysis system. To demonstrate the application of the system, a healthy subject walked on the treadmill at four different speeds (1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 MPH) while the DFIS captured the knee motion during three strides under each speed. Characters of knee joint motion were analyzed in 6DOF during the treadmill walking.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The speed of the knee motion was lower than that of the treadmill. Flexion amplitudes increased with increasing walking speed. Motion patterns in other DOF were not affected by increase in walking speed. The motion character was repeatable under each treadmill speed.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The presented technique can be used to accurately measure the 6DOF knee kinematics at normal walking speeds.</p

Modeling of the condyle elements within a biomechanical knee model

The development of a computational multibody knee model able to capture some of the fundamental properties of the human knee articulation is presented. This desideratum is reached by including the kinetics of the real knee articulation. The research question is whether an accurate modeling of the condyle contact in the knee will lead to reproduction of the complex combination of flexion/extension, abduction/adduction and tibial rotation ob-served in the real knee? The model is composed by two anatomic segments, the tibia and the femur, whose characteristics are functions of the geometric and anatomic properties of the real bones. The biomechanical model characterization is developed under the framework of multibody systems methodologies using Cartesian coordinates. The type of approach used in the proposed knee model is the joint surface contact conditions between ellipsoids, represent-ing the two femoral condyles, and points, representing the tibial plateau and the menisci. These elements are closely fitted to the actual knee geometry. This task is undertaken by con-sidering a parameter optimization process to replicate experimental data published in the lit-erature, namely that by Lafortune and his co-workers in 1992. Then, kinematic data in the form of flexion/extension patterns are imposed on the model corresponding to the stance phase of the human gait. From the results obtained, by performing several computational simulations, it can be observed that the knee model approximates the average secondary mo-tion patterns observed in the literature. Because the literature reports considerable inter-individual differences in the secondary motion patterns, the knee model presented here is also used to check whether it is possible to reproduce the observed differences with reasonable variations of bone shape parameters. This task is accomplished by a parameter study, in which the main variables that define the geometry of condyles are taken into account. It was observed that the data reveal a difference in secondary kinematics of the knee in flexion ver-sus extension. The likely explanation for this fact is the elastic component of the secondary motions created by the combination of joint forces and soft tissue deformations. The proposed knee model is, therefore, used to investigate whether this observed behavior can be explained by reasonable elastic deformations of the points representing the menisci in the model.Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) - PROPAFE – Design and Development of a Patello-Femoral Prosthesis (PTDC/EME-PME/67687/2006), DACHOR - Multibody Dynamics and Control of Hybrid Active Orthoses MIT-Pt/BSHHMS/0042/2008, BIOJOINTS - Development of advanced biological joint models for human locomotion biomechanics (PTDC/EME-PME/099764/2008)

The Viscoelastic Properties of Passive Eye Muscle in Primates. II: Testing the Quasi-Linear Theory

We have extensively investigated the mechanical properties of passive eye muscles, in vivo, in anesthetized and paralyzed monkeys. The complexity inherent in rheological measurements makes it desirable to present the results in terms of a mathematical model. Because Fung's quasi-linear viscoelastic (QLV) model has been particularly successful in capturing the viscoelastic properties of passive biological tissues, here we analyze this dataset within the framework of Fung's theory