Effects of a Basic Climbing Education Program on Physical Fitness and Macronutrient Intake in Novice Mountaineers

This study explored the effects of a Basic Climbing Education Program (BCEP) on the anthropometric measurements, flexibility, cardiovascular fitness (VO2max), muscular endurance, muscular strength, and nutrient intake (water, protein, carbohydrate, fat, total kcal) in novice mountaineers. 36 male and 34 female (mean age = 35.5 years, range = 21-61yrs.) participants currently enrolled in a BCEP class were measured for anthropometrics (height, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist, % body fat, % muscle, basal metabolic rate (BMR), and blood pressure), sit and reach, max handgrip strength, max push-ups, Canadian curl-ups, and Forestry step test (VO2max) preceding and following a 6-week BCEP program. A 24-hour dietary recall was issued during both physical testing periods prior to and after the BCEP program. Variables were analyzed using a paired students t-test. Significant differences for combined male and female data were found in waist measurement (in., pre 31.5±3.8, post 30.0±3.6, mean±std), push-ups (number, pre 21±10, post 23±9, mean±std), sit and reach (cm., pre 31.3±8.7, post 33.5±7.0), right hand grip strength (kg, pre 43.4±13.7, post 41.9±12.3, mean±std), and left hand grip strength (kg, pre 40.6±12.7, post 39.3±11.5, mean±std). Male data only showed significant differences in step heart rate (bpm, pre 35±4, post 32±4.6, mean±std), VO2 (ml/kg/min, pre 41.94±5.5, post 46.4±6.3, mean±std), VO2 age-adjusted (ml/kg/min, pre 39.82±5.0, post 44.23±6.5, mean±std) and protein (g, pre 79.33±45.5, post 110.7±62.0, mean±std). Female data did not show similar significant differences. Although some positive changes in fitness were noted, the BCEP program alone was not enough to elicit significant changes in physical fitness. Mazamas should evaluate gender differences in response to the BCEP program as well as BCEP’s specificity towards cardiovascular fitness

NCAA Division III Football Players\u27 Dietary Intake: In-Season Vs. Off-Season

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the diet of Division III football players in- and off-season and to identify the differences between skilled and unskilled players. METHODS: Twenty-two players [18.9 + 0.79 yr] completed in-season (F, Fall) and off-season (S, Spring) testing. Data included height, weight, body composition, and a 24-hour diet recall using the 5-pass method. RESULTS: All players gained weight (F: 86.1 ± 13.1 kg; S: 92.0 ± 12.8 kg, p = 0.033) by spring. The weight gain was associated with an increase in percentage body fat (F: 13.8 ± 4.6; S: 16.3 ± 4.4, p = 0.028). All players decreased total caloric intake in the spring (F: 5553 ± 1922 kcal; S: 3972 ± 1384 kcal, p = 0.0008). There were no differences in total calories, macronutrient composition, relative protein intake, sodium, or cholesterol between the skilled and unskilled players. CONCLUSION: Body weight and percent body fat increased from Fall to Spring with an associated increased caloric intake during the season. It is important for players to make dietary choices to maximize performance and reduce long-term health risks within the constraints of eating at the college dining hall

BDS Aviation Products

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CHANGES IN ENERGY INTAKE AND MACRONUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF EXPERIENCED MOUNTAINEERS DEPENDENT ON CLIMBING DIFFICULTY

R. B. Densley, D. A. DeFrang, & J. T. Peterson, FACSM Linfield College, McMinnville, OR PURPOSE: This study assessed changes in energy intake and macronutrient composition before, during, and after an alpine climb compared to climbing difficulty ratings in experienced mountaineers. METHODS: Nine male (age 56 ± 12 years, height 175 ± 8 cm, and weight 76.7 ± 8.6 kg) participants from the Mazamas ( a mountaineering club in Portland, Oregon) were given diet diaries with specific instructions to report each individual alpine route, length of trip, elevation gained, length of time for the trip, route difficulty (based on the Mazamas’ rating system), and weather. Climbers were then asked to report all energy and water intake the day prior to, days when climbing, and the day following each climb. Diaries were recorded from April to October of 2011. Nutritional data was input and analyzed with Food Processer© software. Variables were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA with climbing difficulty as a between subjects factor (p \u3c 0.05). RESULTS: Dietary data was recorded for a total of 38 climbs. The average and range of total calorie and macronutrient break down for all climbs was: Total kcal: 3023.67 ± 917.17 (1164.98-4804.20), protein kcal: 447.25 ± 231.88 (83.52-1257.36), carbohydrate kcal: 1589.97 ± 575.71 (58.04- 2877.36) kcals, and fat kcal: 980.61 ± 413.14 (160.92-2289.65). The percentages of protein, fat and carbohydrate were 14.56, 53.52 and 31.96% respectively. Climbers consumed more calories from protein on the day before and after compared to the day(s) during the climb, regardless of climb difficulty (p \u3c 0.05). Interestingly, as the climbs were rated harder, the percentage of protein intake on the day(s) during the climb was significantly decreased compared to climbs rated less difficult (p \u3c 0.05). CONCLUSION: This data provides an example of the macronutrient breakdown of experienced mountaineers during a variety of climbs. The calories consumed remained similar regardless of climb difficulty. The macronutrient composition was also similar across climb difficulty ratings with the exception of protein which is consistent with our expectations. The consistent caloric intake with relatively little changes in macronutrient composition over a variety of climbs suggests that experienced climbers are consuming similar foods regardless of climb difficulty or duration, which may impact performance and recovery

Cités? Province? Métropole?

Conférence-Débat organisé par l'ASBL Le Grand Liège, Liège (Hôtel Bocholtz), 15 octobre 2019 ; orateurs : M. Luc GILLARD, président du collège provincial de la province de Liège, et Mme Virginie DEFRANG-FIRKET, bourgmestre de Neupré et conseillère provinciale ; débat modéré par Christian BEHRENDT, professeur à l'université de Liège

FITNESS AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY CHANGES IN EXPERIENCED MOUNTAINEERS OVER A CLIMBING SEASON

R. B. Densley, D. Defrang, & J. T. Peterson Linfield College, McMinnville, OR; Mazamas, Portland, OR PURPOSE: This study surveyed the physical activity levels, anthropometrics, muscular strength, and muscular endurance of a group of experienced mountaineers. METHODS: Nine male and three female (mean age=53.17 range= 35-74) participants volunteered from the Mazamas Mountaineering Club in Portland, Oregon and were measured for anthropometrics (height, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist, % body fat, % muscle, basal metabolic rate (BMR), and blood pressure), sit and reach, max handgrip strength, max push-ups, Canadian curl-ups, and were given a physical activity questionnaire prior to and following the regular mountain climbing season (April to October). Variables were analyzed using a paired students t-test (

CHANGES IN ENERGY INTAKE AND MACRONUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF EXPERIENCED MOUNTAINEERS DEPENDENT ON CLIMBING DIFFICULTY

R. B. Densley, D. A. DeFrang, & J. T. Peterson, FACSM Linfield College, McMinnville, OR PURPOSE: This study assessed changes in energy intake and macronutrient composition before, during, and after an alpine climb compared to climbing difficulty ratings in experienced mountaineers. METHODS: Nine male (age 56 ± 12 years, height 175 ± 8 cm, and weight 76.7 ± 8.6 kg) participants from the Mazamas ( a mountaineering club in Portland, Oregon) were given diet diaries with specific instructions to report each individual alpine route, length of trip, elevation gained, length of time for the trip, route difficulty (based on the Mazamas’ rating system), and weather. Climbers were then asked to report all energy and water intake the day prior to, days when climbing, and the day following each climb. Diaries were recorded from April to October of 2011. Nutritional data was input and analyzed with Food Processer© software. Variables were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA with climbing difficulty as a between subjects factor (p \u3c 0.05). RESULTS: Dietary data was recorded for a total of 38 climbs. The average and range of total calorie and macronutrient break down for all climbs was: Total kcal: 3023.67 ± 917.17 (1164.98-4804.20), protein kcal: 447.25 ± 231.88 (83.52-1257.36), carbohydrate kcal: 1589.97 ± 575.71 (58.04- 2877.36) kcals, and fat kcal: 980.61 ± 413.14 (160.92-2289.65). The percentages of protein, fat and carbohydrate were 14.56, 53.52 and 31.96% respectively. Climbers consumed more calories from protein on the day before and after compared to the day(s) during the climb, regardless of climb difficulty (p \u3c 0.05). Interestingly, as the climbs were rated harder, the percentage of protein intake on the day(s) during the climb was significantly decreased compared to climbs rated less difficult (p \u3c 0.05). CONCLUSION: This data provides an example of the macronutrient breakdown of experienced mountaineers during a variety of climbs. The calories consumed remained similar regardless of climb difficulty. The macronutrient composition was also similar across climb difficulty ratings with the exception of protein which is consistent with our expectations. The consistent caloric intake with relatively little changes in macronutrient composition over a variety of climbs suggests that experienced climbers are consuming similar foods regardless of climb difficulty or duration, which may impact performance and recovery

Evaluation of a Primary Care Weight Management Program in Children Aged 2–5 years: Changes in Feeding Practices, Health Behaviors, and Body Mass Index

Background: Primary care offers a promising setting for promoting parenting practices that shape healthy eating and physical activity behaviors of young children. This study assessed the impact of a parent-based, primary care intervention on the feeding habits, health behaviors, and body mass index (BMI) of 2⁻5 year olds with elevated or rapidly-increasing BMI. Methods: Four private pediatric offices in West Michigan were assigned as control (n = 2) or intervention (n = 2) sites based on patient load and demographics. Treatment families were recruited at well-child visits to receive physician health-behavior counseling and four visits with a registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN) over a 6-month period. Intervention outcomes were age- and sex-specific BMI metrics, including BMI z-scores and percent of the 95th percentile (%BMIp95), the Family Nutrition and Physical Activity survey (FNPA), and the Feeding Practices and Structure Questionnaire (FPSQ). Results: Of 165 enrolled families, 127 completed follow-up measures (77% retention). Mean (±SD) FNPA scores improved in treatment vs. control (4.6 ± 4.6 vs. 0.1 ± 4.2; p < 0.001), and screen time (h/day) decreased (−0.9 ± 1.8 vs. 0.3 ± 1.1; p < 0.001). Non-responsive feeding practices (i.e., reward for behavior (p = 0.006) and distrust in appetite (p < 0.015)) and structure-related feeding practices (structured meal timing (p < 0.001)) improved in treatment parents vs. controls. Reductions in child BMI measures did not differ between groups. Conclusions: Families with preschool children participating in a low-intensity, primary care intervention improved obesogenic health behaviors, parent feeding habits, and child screen time, but not child adiposity. Future research should assess the sustainability of these family lifestyle improvements, and evaluate their future impact on the health and development of the children

DIETARY INTAKE OF COLLEGIATE NCAA FOOTBALL PLAYERS: DIVISION I VS. DIVISION III

A. Filler¹, E. DeFrang¹, D. Stedman¹, W. Repovich², FACSM, J. Peterson¹, FACSM. ¹Linfield College, McMinnville, OR; ²Eastern Washington University, Cheney, WA Poor nutrition in college football players may lead to an increased risk of metabolic syndrome associated conditions. The institution may influence dietary choices. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the dietary intake of in season division I (DI) and III (DIII) collegiate football players. METHODS: A total of 31 players, 15 DI (19, 19 - 23 yr) and 16 DIII (19, 19 - 20 yr) completed testing in the fall. Variables collected for this study included height, weight and a 24-hour diet recall. A 5-pass interview method was used to collect nutrition data which was processed using the ESHA Food Processor program. Data were compared using an independent t-test. A Pearson r correlation test was used to examine relationships between variables. This study was approved by the Linfield College Institutional Review Board. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between body mass index (BMI, DI: 28.08 +4.53, DIII: 28.36 +3.36 kg/m²), total caloric intake (DI: 4708 +1662, DIII: 4530 +1695 kcal), carbohydrate, fat, water, fiber, or micronutrient intake. However, DI players were taller (DI: 1.87 +0.07, DIII: 1.82 +0.05 m, p = 0.04) and consumed a higher percentage of calories from protein (DI: 21.04 +4.74, DIII: 17.54 +3.53 % kcal, p = 0.03). Using BMI, 67% of DI and 81% of DIII players were classified as overweight, specifically, 19% of DI and 40% of DIII players were classified as obese. Additionally, 75% of all players were overweight while 30% were classified as obese. There was a significant negative correlation of BMI with both fiber intake (36.16 +18.16 g,r= -0.442, p = 0.02) and relative protein consumption (2.34 +1.26 g/kg, r= -0.554, p \u3c 0.001). CONCLUSION: There were no differences based on institution. All players met or exceeded the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) for macronutrients and micronutrients except for carbohydrate and potassium. Of concern, is the amount of cholesterol and sodium in the players diets. Some of the data suggests that higher BMI is correlated with poor diet choices. BMI alone is not an accurate measure for health risk in football players and future analysis will include body composition. Regardless of division classification, athletes should work with coaches, trainers, and registered dietitians to maximize performance and decrease metabolic syndrome associated health risks. Supported by Linfield College Student Faculty Collaborative Research Grant

THE EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON EXAM-RELATED STRESS AND ANXIETY DURING FINAL EXAMINATION WEEK

S.C. Coste, D.A. DeFrang, K.J. Franklin, D.C. Lee, T.J. Kinane & D.K. Canepa Linfield College, McMinnville, OR PURPOSE: Physical activity has been shown to have positive effects in reducing stress-related physiological responses and anxious behavior. This study sought to examine the effects of regular exercise on exam-related stress and anxiety during the final exam period of the semester in undergraduate college students. METHODS: Male (n=9) and female (n=18) college students completed an online exercise log each day for 7 weeks. Exercise type, duration and intensity for each daily exercise was quantified and used to classify students into low, moderate or vigorous exercise groups. Anthropometric (weight, height, body mass index) and fitness measures (Forestry step test for VO2max, maximum sit-ups, maximum push-ups, sit and reach flexibility, % body fat, heart rate and blood pressure) were measured prior to and at the end of the 7 week period. Salivary cortisol, anxiety (state-trait anxiety inventory), heart rate and blood pressure were measured at baseline and 30 min prior to a final exam. Variables were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA with group as a between subjects factor. Pearson’s r was used to correlate fitness level with anxiety. RESULTS: Anxiety levels, heart rate and systolic blood pressure were significantly elevated 30 min prior to the final examination in all 3 exercise groups (p2max, max push-ups, max sit-ups) were significantly higher in the moderate and vigorous exercise groups compared to the low exercise group. Fitness levels did not significantly change across the 7 week period and were not significantly correlated with trait or state anxiety measures. CONCLUSION: We did not find a significant impact of exercise on exam related stress and anxiety, suggesting that moderate to vigorous exercise over time does not alleviate final exam week stress and/or anxiety. However, future studies with a larger sample size are necessary to increase statistical power to strengthen conclusions. Supported by Linfield College Faculty Development Gran