378 research outputs found
Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer Imaging Of Endogenous Metabolites For Monitoring Oxidative Phosphorylation And Glycolysis In Vivo
Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and glycolysis are two cellular metabolic pathways that play a crucial role in the functions of biological systems. Currently, magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) (13C, 31P, and 1H) and positron emission tomography (PET) methods are used to investigate changes in these pathways that result from metabolic dysfunction. However, MRS methods are limited by low resolution and long acquisition times. While 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (18F-FDG) PET is a widely used clinical modality, it requires the use of radioactive ligands. Thus, there is an unmet need for techniques to image these metabolic processes noninvasively, and with higher resolution in vivo. In this dissertation, we exploited the chemical exchange saturation (CEST) phenomenon to develop and optimize endogenous CEST magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods to measure OXPHOS and glycolysis, and demonstrated application of those techniques to study impaired metabolism in vivo. These CEST methods offer several orders of magnitude higher sensitivity compared to traditional spectroscopic techniques. Recently developed CEST imaging of free creatine (CrCEST) was targeted as a means of measuring OXPHOS. We optimized and validated this technique in healthy human skeletal muscle, showing that CrCEST imaging in dynamic exercise studies provides a measure of the mitochondrial rate of OXPHOS. CrCEST imaging was then implemented in a cohort of subjects affected by genetic disorders of the mitochondria. The results of these studies demonstrate that CrCEST has the capability to distinguish between healthy and impaired OXPHOS in muscle. In some diseases with altered metabolism, like cancer, aerobic glycolysis dominates, leading to increased lactate production. Existing methods for imaging lactate in vivo involve expensive, radiolabeled tracers. In this work, we demonstrated the feasibility of imaging lactate with CEST (“LATEST”) in phantoms with physiological concentrations. Then, we validated the method dynamically in vivo by measuring lactate production and clearance in intensely exercised human skeletal muscle, which utilizes anaerobic glycolysis. Finally, we infused rats bearing lymphoma tumors with non-labeled pyruvate and demonstrated the ability of LATEST MRI to image tumors and measure dynamic lactate changes over time. Together, these studies demonstrate that metabolic processes can be monitored in vivo using CEST MRI, with potential for widespread clinical applications
Theory of Combined Photoassociation and Feshbach Resonances in a Bose-Einstein Condensate
We model combined photoassociation and Feshbach resonances in a Bose-Einstein
condensate, where the shared dissociation continuum allows for quantum
interference in losses from the condensate, as well as a dispersive-like shift
of resonance. A simple analytical model, based on the limit of weakly bound
molecules, agrees well with numerical experiments that explicitly include
dissociation to noncondensate modes. For a resonant laser and an off-resonant
magnetic field, constructive interference enables saturation of the
photoassociation rate at user-friendly intensities, at a value set by the
interparticle distance. This rate limit is larger for smaller condensate
densities and, near the Feshbach resonance, approaches the rate limit for
magnetoassociation alone. Also, we find agreement with the unitary limit--set
by the condensate size--only for a limited range of near-resonant magnetic
fields. Finally, for a resonant magnetic field and an off-resonant laser,
magnetoassociation displays similar quantum interference and a dispersive-like
shift. Unlike photoassociation, interference and the fieldshift in resonant
magnetoassociation is tunable with both laser intensity and detuning. Also, the
dispersive-like shift of the Feshbach resonance depends on the size of the
Feshbach molecule, and is a signature of non-universal physics in a strongly
interacting system.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures, 82 reference
Exhibiting the Taboo of Museums of Ethnography
Since the 1990s, museums of ethnography have been undergoing changes in light of the decolonial movement. While museum collections are far from being exhibited in their entirety, choices are made within museums to know which object should or should not be seen by the visitors. But should this decision be made solely by the members of the museum team? This article will look at the exhibition of secret-sacred material and human remains within museums of ethnography in Europe to understand the new modes of display that can be implemented
Coal beds of the Conemaugh formation in Ohio
The Conemaugh formation underlies approximately 8, 000 square miles of eastern Ohio.
This formation contains at least 18 coal horizons, of which only 6 seams occur with any degree
of persistency; even these 6 seams are extremely erratic and vary in thickness and quality within
short distances. However, there are several localities where one or more of the Conemaugh
coal beds make a considerable contribution to the fuel resources of the State. Available information
indicates that the original recoverable coal reserves of the Conemaugh formation in Ohio is
approximately 1,329,368, 000 tons. Coal beds 14 inches or more in thickness are considered as
constituting recoverable reserves.
The Mahoning, Wilgus, Anderson, and Harlem coal beds account for most of the reserves.
The Mahoning coal bed in Columbiana and Jefferson Counties contains 284,304, 000 tons; the Harlem
coal reserve is 34,560, 000 tons in Carroll County; the Anderson coal reserve is 837 , 504, 000
tons in Muskingum, Guernsey, Noble, and Morgan Counties; and the Wilgus coal field of Lawrence
County has an original reserve of 173, 000, 000 tons
Growth Motivation and Well-Being in the U.S., Japan, Guatemala, and India
The present study examined how the Growth Motivation Index (GMI; J. J. Bauer et al., 2015) related to well-being and identity exploration in samples from the U.S., Japan, Guatemala, and India. The GMI has two facets. GMI-reflective measures the motive to cultivate critical self-reflection and intellectual development, whereas GMI-experiential measures the motive to cultivate personally meaningful activities and relationships. We expected and found that, when comparing the two GMI facets simultaneously, GMI-reflective predicted well-being in countries ranked as having collectivist but not individualist cultures, whereas GMI-experiential predicted well-being in countries ranked as having individualist but not collectivist cultures. GMI-reflective predicted identity exploration across cultures. Implications for growth motivation and culture are discussed
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