Physiocracy: Leading political and social-economic system of the XVIIIth Century in France

In France the XVIIIth century was characterized by the Enlightenment as a philosophical phenomenon and Physiocracy as an expression of new economic thinking. But the Physiocrats were not merely a school of economic thought, they were also a school of political action. Kings, princes and high public servants were among their pupils. The great French Revolution itself was influenced by their writings. And the force of their work is still not fully spent. In order to appreciate the theory and significance of the Physiocracy it is necessary to take into account the circumstances of its time. Physiocracy is a doctrine which esteems that agriculture is of more importance than industry and commerce. In the above article the following subjects of the physiocratic doctrine are dealt with: the natural order, property and liberty; the relations between the government and the individual citizen, the theory of the produit net and the Tableau Économique of François Quesnay. The evaluation also includes the question about the expansion of Physiocracy. Indeed, it had many followers in several countries of Europe and was also the first real School of economic thinking. By its systematic approach, Physiocracy established the economy as a science. All the aspects of Physiocracy which have been mentioned above are intimately bound together and are in several aspects the economic precursor of the French Revolution.the relations between the government and the individual citizen; physiocracy; the authority of individuals; the sovereign authority

Player dismissal and full-time results in the UEFA Champions League and Europa League

This study is the first to estimate the effects of the sending-off of a player on the full-time results in international club soccer. To this end, we analyze data of more than 2,000 recent matches in the UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League. We find that, when home teams receive a red card, it harms their goal scoring and victory probabilities. By contrast, a red card for away teams can have a positive, negative, or neutral effect for them, depending on the timing of the player dismissal

The META-USO connection

C.H. Doevendans, J. Verbeke, J. Petric, N. de Meijere 2003. The METAUSO connection. USO-Built Report Series 2:35-40. The META university, stablished in 2000, facilitates international collaboration at the Master-level. Since September 2003 the Doctor Phase has been added to the Bologna process. Universities now offer (at least) 3 levels of education: Bachelor, Master and Doctor. Joint degrees and joint education of the advanced levels (Master & Doctor) is one of the measures to increase quality and employability of young professionals and researchers. In this set-up the META-university is the place to develop and plan courses, while USO-Built is in essence a research school. Questions to be answered include: (i) How may these 2 initiatives strengthen each other?, and (ii) How should the collaboration be organized

Micro-mechanical testing by fibre pushout of the BN interlayer in SiCf/SiC composites for aero-propulsion

Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMC’s) are finding renewed interest in the aerospace community for use as high temperature components in engines due to the potential for cooling air reductions over metallic parts, amongst other benefits such as weight saving and improving the turbine blade clearance. Quasi-brittle SiCf/SiC composites are toughened by the application of a boron nitride interphase coating to the fibre, which allows for cracks to deviate from the matrix. The principal issues faced by SiC-based composites lie in their degradation in corrosive environments (changing the interphase region and embrittling the overall composite) and their current inadequacy to adopt performance life models. Therefore, maintaining the interfacial properties of the composite at high temperatures is crucial. The extraction of these said properties has however proven itself to be a major engineering challenge in materials science. A few meso-scale and macro-scale techniques such as the transverse bend test and the Brazilian disc compression test have shown experimental reproducibility but are unsupported by sufficient modelling. The most accurate method for determining the properties at the micro-scale remains the push-out method on singular fibres. Herein the talk will present current both advances in using the fibre push-out method and some of the challenges to overcome with push-outs in order to accurately measure the interfacial shear stresses, coefficients of friction and residual compressive stresses at the fibre/matrix interface. The push-out method will be contrasted to the fibre push-back and push-in techniques and a novel \u27via\u27 push-out method will be introduced. Finally, suggestions for improving the method to corroborate with ongoing modelling work will be showcased