Training graduate students to be teachers

Pedagogic education of graduate students, when and where it exists, is restricted to theoretical courses or to the participation of the students as teachers' assistants. This model is essentially reproductive and offers few opportunities for any significant curriculum innovation. To open an opportunity for novelty we have introduced a new approach in Biochemistry Teaching, a course included in the Biochemistry Graduate Program of the Biochemistry Department (Universidade Estadual de Campinas and Universidade de São Paulo). The content of the course consists of a) choosing the theme, b) selecting and organizing the topics, c) preparing written material, d) establishing the methodological strategies, e) planning the evaluation tools and, finally, f) as teachers, conducting the course as an optional summer course for undergraduate students. During the first semester the graduate students establish general and specific educational objectives, select and organize contents, decide on the instructional strategies and plan evaluation tools. The contents are explored using a wide range of strategies, which include computer-aided instruction, laboratory classes, small group teaching, a few lectures and round table discussions. The graduate students also organize printed class notes to be used by the undergraduate students. Finally, as a group, they teach the summer course. In the three versions already developed, the themes chosen were Biochemistry of Exercise (UNICAMP), Biochemistry of Nutrition (UNICAMP) and Molecular Biology of Plants (USP). In all cases the number of registrations greatly exceeded the number of places and a selection had to be made. The evaluation of the experience by both graduate and undergraduate students was very positive. Graduate students considered this experience to be unique and recommended it to their schoolmates; the undergraduate students benefited from a more flexible curriculum (more options) and gave very high scores to both the courses and the teachers.1457146

Training graduate students to be teachers

Pedagogic education of graduate students, when and where it exists, is restricted to theoretical courses or to the participation of the students as teachers' assistants. This model is essentially reproductive and offers few opportunities for any significant curriculum innovation. To open an opportunity for novelty we have introduced a new approach in "Biochemistry Teaching", a course included in the Biochemistry Graduate Program of the Biochemistry Department (Universidade Estadual de Campinas and Universidade de São Paulo). The content of the course consists of a) choosing the theme, b) selecting and organizing the topics, c) preparing written material, d) establishing the methodological strategies, e) planning the evaluation tools and, finally, f) as teachers, conducting the course as an optional summer course for undergraduate students. During the first semester the graduate students establish general and specific educational objectives, select and organize contents, decide on the instructional strategies and plan evaluation tools. The contents are explored using a wide range of strategies, which include computer-aided instruction, laboratory classes, small group teaching, a few lectures and round table discussions. The graduate students also organize printed class notes to be used by the undergraduate students. Finally, as a group, they teach the summer course. In the three versions already developed, the themes chosen were Biochemistry of Exercise (UNICAMP), Biochemistry of Nutrition (UNICAMP) and Molecular Biology of Plants (USP). In all cases the number of registrations greatly exceeded the number of places and a selection had to be made. The evaluation of the experience by both graduate and undergraduate students was very positive. Graduate students considered this experience to be unique and recommended it to their schoolmates; the undergraduate students benefited from a more flexible curriculum (more options) and gave very high scores to both the courses and the teachers

Evaluation Of A Protein Deficient Diet In Rats Through Blood Oxidative Stress Biomarkers

Protein malnutrition leads to functional impairment in several organs, which is not fully restored with nutritional recovery. Little is known about the role of oxidative stress in the genesis of these alterations. This study was designed to assess the sensitivity of blood oxidative stress biomarkers to a dietary protein restriction. Male Wistar rats were divided into two groups, according to the diet fed from weaning (21 days) to 60 day old: normal protein (17% protein) and low protein (6% protein). Serum protein, albumin, free fatty acid and liver glycogen and lipids were evaluated to assess the nutritional status. Blood glutathione reductase (GR) and catalase (CAT) activities, plasma total sulfhydryl groups concentration (TSG) as well as plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) and reactive carbonyl derivatives (RCD) were measured as biomarkers of the antioxidant system and oxidative damage, respectively. The glucose metabolism in soleus muscle was also evaluated as an index of stress severity imposed to muscular mass by protein malnutrition. No difference was observed in muscle glucose metabolism or plasma RCD concentration between both groups. However, our results showed that the low protein group had higher plasma TBARs (62%) concentration and lower TSG (44%) concentration than control group, indicating increased reactive oxygen species production in low protein group. The enhancement of erythrocyte GR (29%) and CAT (28%) activities in this group also suggest an adaptation to the stress generated by the protein deficiency. Taken together, the results presented here show that the biomarkers used were able to reflect the oxidative stress level induced by this specific protein deficient diet.113-114213228Aebi, H., Catalase in vitro (1984) Meth. Enzymol., 105, pp. 121-126Report of the American Institute of Nutrition ad hoc committee on standards for nutritional studies (1977) J. 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Chem., 28, pp. 350-356Eston, Finney, R.G., Finney, S., Baker, S., Baltzopoulos, V., Muscle tenderness and peak torque changes after downhill running following a prior bout of isokinetic eccentric exercise (1996) J. Sports Sci., 14, pp. 291-299Faure, P., Lafond, J.-L., Measurement of plasma sulfhydryl and carbonyl groups as a possible indicator of protein oxidation (1995) Analysis of Free Radicals in Biological Systems, pp. 237-248. , A. E. Favier, J. Cadet, B. Kalyanaraman, M. Fontecave, J.-L Pierre (Eds.) Basel, Switzerland: Birkhäuser VerlagFechner, A., Böhme, C.C., Gromer, S., Funk, M., Schimer, R.H., Becker, Leichsenring, K., Antioxidant status and nitric oxide in malnutrition syndrome kwashiorkor (2001) Pediat. Res., 49, pp. 237-243Holbrook, F., (2000) Nature, 408, pp. 239-247Galdino, R., Almeida, C.C.S., Luciano, E., Mello, M.A.R., Protein malnutrition does not impair glucose metabolism adaptations to exercise-training (2000) Nutr. Res., 20, pp. 527-535Golden, M.H.N., Ramadath, D., Free radicals in the pathogenesis of kwashiorkor (1987) Proc. Nutr. Soc., 46, pp. 53-68Goldspink, G., An attempt at estimating extrafiber fluid in small skeletal muscles by a simple physical method (1966) Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 44 (5), pp. 765-775. , SepHaj, A.J., Lewis, S.E., Goldspink, D.F., Merry, B.J., Holehan, A.M., The effect of chronic and acute dietary restriction on the growth and protein turnover of fast and slow types of rat skeletal muscle (1986) Comp. Biochem. Physiol., A, 85 (2), pp. 281-287Halliwell, B., Albumin: An important extra cellular antioxidant? (1988) Bioch. Pharmacol., 37, pp. 569-571Halliwell, B., Reactive oxygen species in living system: Source, biochemistry and role in human disease (1991) Am. J. Med, pp. 14S-22SHalliwell, B., Gutteridge, M.C., Role of free radicals and catalytic metal ions in human disease: An overview (1990) Meth. Enzym., 186, pp. 1-4Hassis, E.D., Regulation of antioxidant enzymes (1992) FASEB J., 6, pp. 2675-2683Huang, C.J., Fwu, M.L., Degree of protein deficiency affects the extent of the depression of the antioxidant enzyme activities and the enhancement of tissue lipid peroxidation in rats (1993) J. Nutr., 123, pp. 803-810Latorraca, Reis, M.Q., Reis, M.A.B., Carneiro, E.M., Mello, M.A.R., Velloso, L.A., Saad, M.J., Boschero, A.C., Protein deficiency and nutritional recovery modulate insulin recreation and early steps of insulin action in rats (1998) J. Nutr., 128, pp. 1643-1649Lopes, Russell, Shikel, J., Russell, Shikel, D.M., Whitwell, J., Jeejeebhoy, K.M., Skeletal muscle function in malnutrition (1982) Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 36 (4), pp. 602-610. , OctManary, Leeuvenburg, M.J., Leeuvenburg, C., Heinecke, W., Increased oxidative stress in kwashiorkor (2000) J. Pediatr., 137, pp. 421-424Maughan, R.J., Donnely, A.E., Gleeson, M., Whiting, P.H., Walker, K.A., Clough, P.J., Delayed-onset muscle damage and lipid peroxidation in man after a downhill run (1989) Muscle Nerve, 12, pp. 332-336Mccance, D.R., Pettit, D.J., Hanson, R.L., Jacobson, L.T.H., Knowler, W.C., Bennett, H., Low birth weight and type 2 diabetes in Pima Indians (1993) Diabet., 36 (SUPPL. 1), pp. A4. , absMclaren, A.A., Shirajian, E., Loshkajian, H., Shadarevian, S., Short term prognosis in protein-calorie malnutrition (1986) Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 80, pp. 911-913Nogueira, D.M., Strufaldi, B., Hirata, M.H., Abdalla, D.S.P., Hirata, R.D.C., (1990) Métodos em Bioquímica Clinica, , 468pPacker, L., Oxidants, antioxidant nutrients and the athlete (1997) J. Sports Sci., 15, pp. 353-363Phillips, D.Z.W., Hrst, S., Clarek, N.S., Hales, C.N., Osmon, D.C., Fetal growth and insulin secretion in adult life (1994) Diabet., 37, pp. 592-596Pélissier, M.A., Darmon, N., Desjeux, J.F., Albrecht, R., Effects of protein deficiency on lipid peroxidation in the small intestine and liver of rats Chem. Toxic., 31 (1), pp. 59-62. , 1993Quiroga, G.B., Brown fat thermogenesis and exercise: Two examples of physiological oxidative stress? (1992) Free Rad. Biol. & Med., 13, pp. 325-340Rana, S., Sodhi, C.P., Metha, S., Vaiphei, K., Katyal, R., Thakur, S., Metha, S.K., Protein-energy malnutrition and oxidative injury in growing rats (1996) Hum. Exp. Tox., 15, pp. 810-814Reeves, P.G., Nielsen, F.H., Fahey, G.C., AIN-93 purified diets for laboratory rodents: Final report of the American Institute of Nutrition Ad Hoe Writing Commitee on the Reformulation of AIN-76A (1993) J. 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Tiere, pp. 240-247Smith, I.K., Vierheller, T.L., Thorne, C.A., Assay of glutathione reductase in crude tissue homogenates using 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (1988) Anal. Biochem., 175, pp. 408-413Sodhi, C.P., Rana, S.V., Mehta, S.K., Vaidphei, K., Attri, S., Thakur, S., Mehta, S., Study of oxidative stress in sioniazid-induced hepatic injury in young rats with and without protein-energy malnutrition (1996) J. Biochem. Toxicol., 11 (3), pp. 139-146Tatli, M.M., Vural, H., Koc, A., Kosecik, M., Atas, A., Alterated anti-oxidant status and increased lipid peroxidation in marasmic children (2000) Pedr. Int., 42, pp. 289-292Torun, B., Chew, F., Protein-energy malnutrition (1994) Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, V.2, pp. 950-976. , Shils, M.Olson, J.A.shike, M. (eds), Philadelphia, Lea & FebigerUvin, P., The state of world hunger (1994) Nutr. Rev., 52, pp. 151-161Yagi, K., Lipid peroxides and human diseases (1987) Chem. Phys. Lip., 45, pp. 337-351Yokoyama, Y., Beckman, J.S., Beckman, T.K., Wheat, J.K., Cash, T.G., Freeman, B.A., Parks, D.A., Circulating xanthine oxidase: Potential mediator of ischemic injury (1990) Am. J. Physiol., 258, pp. G564-G570Yu, B.P., Cellular defenses against damage from reactive oxygen species (1994) Physiol. Rev., 74, pp. 139-162Zwart, L.L., Meerman, J.H.N., Commandeur, J.N.M., Vermeulen, N.P.E., Biomarkers of free radical damage applications in experimental animals and in humans (1999) Free Rad. Biol. Med., 26, pp. 202-22

Electrochemical Determination Of Antioxidant Capacity For Physical Exercise Evaluation [determinação Eletroquímica Da Capacidade Antioxidante Para Avaliação Do Exercício Físico]

Physical training can adapt or cause injury to skeletal muscles implicating metabolic alterations, which can be detected by biochemical analysis. Apparently the increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is involved in both processes. Enzymatic and low molecular weight antioxidants (LMWA) minimize ROS's deleterious action through redox reactions. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) has been suggested as a tool to quantify the antioxidant capacity conferred by LMWA. The use of CV to evaluate the modulation of the antioxidant capacity conferred by LMWA in response to physical exercise is discussed here.276980985Tews, D.S., Goebel, H.H., (1998) Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol., 87, p. 240Frandsen, U., Lopez-Figueroa, M., Hellsten, Y., (1996) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 227, p. 88Reid, M.B., (1998) Acta Physiol. Scand., 162, p. 401Smolka, M.B., Zoppi, C.C., Alves, A.A., Silveira, L.R., Marangoni, S., Pereira-da-Silva, L., Novello, J.C., Macedo, D.V., (2000) Am. J. Physiol. Regul. 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Understanding The Glycemic Index And Glycemic Load And Their Practical Applications

We have introduced the study of synthesis pathways using two experiments: 1-the determination of the glycemic index (GI) of some foods and the effects of fiber and fat on the GI; 2-the determination of blood glucose levels after the ingestion of meals with high and low glycemic loads (GL). After a practice assembly, when the foods and meals that were eaten by the students were tallied, the students were divided into groups. At the next class, three members of each group, who had fasted for 8 hr, ingested 50 g of carbohydrate in food or a meal. After ingestion, the blood glucose was measured with a portable device every 30 min for a period of 2 hr. Discussion of the data obtained in experiment 1 allowed the students to understand the mechanism of action of insulin and to understand how the GI, as presented in the literature, is determined. The students also concluded that the addition of fiber to food reduces the glycemic response even with high GI foods, and these results could be a useful strategy for diet prescription. Discussion of experiment 2 allowed the students to understand that the amount of food intake is a determining factor for the glycemic response and subsequent release of insulin. These experimental observations allowed the students to transfer theoretical knowledge to their daily lives very easily. The students approved the classes and felt encouraged to study the synthesis pathways and metabolic integration in the fed state. © 2009 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.375296300Jenkins, D.J., Wolever, T.M., Taylor, R.H., Barker, H., Fielden, H., Baldwin, J.M., Bowling, A.C., Goff, D.V., Glycemic index of foods: A physiological basis for carbohydrate exchange (1981) Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 34, pp. 362-366Wolever, T.M., Jenkins, D.J., Jenkins, A.L., Josse, R.G., The glycemic index: Methodology and clinical implications (1991) Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 54, pp. 846-854Ostman, E.M., Liljeberg Elmstahl, H.G.M., Inconsistency between glycemic index and insulinemic responses to regular and fermented milk products (2001) Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 74, pp. 96-100Salmeron, J., Manson, J.E., Stampfer, M.J., Colditz, G.A., Wing, A.L., Willett, W.C., Dietary fiber, glycemic load, and risk of non-insulindependent diabetes mellitus in women (1997) JAMA, 277, pp. 472-477(2006) Tabela brasileira de composic ̧a ̃o de alimentos, T113 Versa ̃o II, p. 113. , NEPA-UNICAMP, 2nd ed., NEPA-UNICAMP, Campinas, SPFoster-Powell, K., Holt, S.H.A., Brand-Miller, J.C., International table of glycemic index and glycemic loadvalues: 2002 (2002) Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 76, pp. 5-56Stevenson, E., Williams, C., Biscoe, H., The metabolic responses to high carbohydrate meals with different glycemic indices consumed during recovery from prolonged strenuous (2005) Exerc. Int. J. Sp. Nutr. Exerc. Metab., 15, pp. 291-307Wallis, G.A., Dawson, R., Achten, J., Webber, J., Jeukendrup, A.J., Metabolic response to carbohydrate ingestion during exercise in males and females (2006) Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 290, pp. E708-E715Tsintzas, K., Williams, C., Human muscle glycogen metabolism during exercise: Effect of carbohydrate supplementation (1998) Sports Med, 25, pp. 7-23Sacks, F.A., Bray, G.A., Carey, V.J., Smith, S.R., Steven, D.H., Anton, S., McManus, K., Williamson, D.A., Comparison of weight-loss diets with different compositions of fat, protein and carbohydrates (2009) N. Engl. J. Med., 360, pp. 859-873(2004) Report of a Join FAO/WHO Expert Consulation. Diet, nutrition and prevention of chronic disease, 916, pp. 1-333. , World Health Organization, World Health Organization, GenevaRiccardi, G., Rivellese, A.A., Giacco, R., Role of glycemic index and glycemic load in the healthy state, in prediabetes, and in diabetes (2008) Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 87, pp. 269S-274SVolp, A.C.P., Alfenas, R.C.G., Glycemic index, glycemic load and cardiovascular diseases (2006) Rev. Bras. Nutr. Clin., 21, pp. 302-30

Involvement Of The Adp/atp Carrier In Permeabilization Processes Of The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

The effect of different agents on inner-mitochondrial-membrane permeabilization and lipoperoxidation induced by Ca 2+ and the pyridine-nucleotide oxidant t-butylhydroperoxide or inorganic phosphate was investigated. Comparing the protection conferred by ADP, a substrate of the ADP/ATP carrier, dithiothreitol, a disulfide reductant and butylhydroxytoluene, a radical scavenger, it was found that ADP was always the most effective against mitochondrial damage, when present in the incubation medium from the beginning. Moreover, carboxyatractyloside, a specific inhibitor of the ADP/ATP carrier, abolished completely the protective effect of ADP on both the lipoperoxidation and mitochondrial swelling processes. Experiments where deenergized mitochondria were previously incubated with Ca 2+ showed a decrease in the content of active ADP/ATP carrier, indicating a direct involvement of this protein in the formation of a non-specific Ca 2+-dependent pore. Our results also eliminate the possibility of an attack of oxygen radicals on lipids or proteins of the mitochondrial membrane as the primary event triggering the permeability transition of the inner mitochondrial membrane.215359560

Biomarkers Of Oxidative Stress In Patients With Chronic Respiratory Insuficiency (cresi) During Long Term Oxigen Therapy (ltot) [biomarcadores De Estresse Oxidativo Em Fumantes Crônicos E Em Portadores De Insuficiência Respiratória Crônica (iresc) Durante Oxigenoterapia Domiciliar Prolongada (odp)]

Sumary Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate several biomarkers of oxidative stress in patients with Chronic Respiratory Insuficiency (CResI) at three moments: before, after 7 and 270 days of Long Term Oxigen Therapy (LTOT).Methods: The blood catalase (CAT), and glutathione reductase (GR), the Hemoglobin (Hb), lactate and Uric Acid concentration (AU) in total blood were measured. The total sulphydrils (TSH) and Protein carbonyls concentration were measured in plasma in these patients, using spectrophotometric techniques. The blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) was evaluated using a pulse oxymeter.Results: When compared Chronic Smokers (CS) with CResI group and both with Nonsmokers group (NS) observed that CResI group presented an increase in oxidative stress level, represented for decrease of three biomarkers: CAT, GR and TSH. After 7 days of LTOT the SpO2, CAT and GR activity and AU concentration were increased (P<0,05). On the other hand, the decrease on GST concentration was manteined in this period (P<0,05). 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Metabolic Interpretation Of Ventilatory Parameters During Maximal Effort Test And Their Applicability To Sports [interpretação Metabólica Dos Parâmetros Ventilatórios Obtidos Durante Um Teste De Esforço Máximo E Sua Aplicabilidade No Esporte]

One important tool for producing specific and individualized training intensities is to determine ventilatory threshold (VT), respiratory compensation point (RCP) and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) by means of maximum effort testing. However, in order to be able to interpret these data in a wide-ranging manner, it is also important to understand the metabolic responses that occur during the test as the systems transporting and utilizing O2 and producing CO2 adjust. This review article presents an overview of the metabolic responses that take place during a hypothetical maximum effort test, and the applicability of the figures thus obtained to the training of athletes.93303310Hill, A.V., Lupton, H., Long, C.N.H., Muscular exercise, lactic acid, and supply and utilization of oxygen. The oxygen debt at the end of exercise (1924) Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 97, pp. 127-137Wasserman, K., Dyspnea on exertion: Is the heart or the lungs? 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