Patterns of coral-reef finfish species disappearances inferred from fishers' knowledge in global epicentre of marine shorefish diversity

In the Philippines, very high fishing pressure coincides with the globally greatest number of shorefish species, yet no long-term fisheries data are available to explore species-level changes that may have occurred widely in the most species rich and vulnerable marine ecosystem, namely coral reefs. Through 2655 face-to-face interviews conducted between August 2012 and July 2014, we used fishers' recall of past catch rates of reef-associated finfish to infer species disappearances from catches in five marine key biodiversity areas (Lanuza Bay, Danajon Bank, Verde Island Passage, Polillo Islands and Honda Bay). We modeled temporal trends in perceived catch per unit effort (CPUE) based on fishers' reports of typical good days' catches using Generalized Linear Mixed Modelling. Fifty-nine different finfish disappeared from catches between the 1950s and 2014; 42 fish were identified to species level, two to genus, seven to family and eight to local name only. Five species occurring at all sites with the greatest number of fishers reporting zero catches were the green bumphead parrotfish (Bolbometopon muricatum), humphead wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus), African pompano (Alectis ciliaris), giant grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus) and mangrove red snapper (Lutjanus argentimaculatus). Between the 1950s and 2014, the mean perceived CPUE of bumphead parrotfish declined by 88%, that of humphead wrasse by 82%, African pompano by 66%, giant grouper by 74% and mangrove red snapper by 64%. These declines were mainly associated with excess and uncontrolled fishing, fish life-history traits like maximum body size and socio-economic factors like access to market infrastructure and services, and overpopulation. The fishers' knowledge is indicative of extirpations where evidence for these losses was otherwise lacking. Our models provide information as basis for area-based conservation and regional resource management particularly for the more vulnerable, once common, large, yet wide-ranging reef finfish species

The role of sleep dysfunction in the relationship between trauma, neglect and depression in methamphetamine using men

Childhood abuse and neglect, or childhood trauma (CT), has been associated with methamphetamine use, HIV, and depression. This study explored the potential for sleep dysfunction to influence the relationship between CT and depression in methamphetamine using men. A total of N = 347 men were enrolled: 1) HIV-uninfected, non-methamphetamine (MA) using heterosexual and homosexual men (HIV- MA-; n = 148), 2) MA-using MSM living with HIV (HIV+ MA+; n = 147) and 3) HIV-uninfected, MA using MSM (HIV- MA+; n = 52). Participants completed measures of demographic characteristics, sleep dysfunction, childhood trauma, and depression. Participants were on average 37 years old (SD = 9.65). Half of participants were Hispanic, and 48.1% had a monthly personal income of less than USD$500. Controlling for sleep dysfunction and control variables, the impact of CT on depression decreased significantly, b = 0.203, p < 0.001, and the indirect effect of CT on depression was significant according to a 95% bCI, b = 0.091, bCI (95% CI 0.057, 0.130). That is, sleep dysfunction partially explained the relationship between CT on depression. Important limitations included the cross-sectional design of the study, and the self-reported measure of sleep. Results highlight the use of sleep interventions to prevent and treat depression, and the utility of assessing sleep disturbances in clinical care

Suicidal Ideation Among Adults Re-engaging in HIV Care in Argentina

Argentina has one of the highest suicide rates in Latin America and the Caribbean. Though people living with HIV are at increased risk for suicidal behavior, little research on suicide risk has been conducted among HIV-positive people in this region. This study examined risk factors for suicidal ideation among HIV-infected adults (N = 360) re-engaging in care in Argentina. Overall, 21% of participants reported suicidal ideation in the past week. In adjusted logistic regression models, younger age, increased depressive symptomatology, and drug abuse were associated with suicidal ideation (p < 0.05); decreased motivation for adherence and fewer months since initiating antiretroviral therapy approached significance (p = 0.07). Suicidal ideation was common in this sample of HIV-positive patients in Argentina. Findings highlight the need for routine risk assessment and interventions integrated into the HIV care continuum, addressing depression, substance use, and suicidal behavior.Argentina tiene una de las tasas de suicidio más altas de América Latina y el Caribe. Aunque las personas que viven con el VIH tienen un mayor riesgo de comportamiento suicida, se ha realizado poca investigación sobre el riesgo de suicidio entre las personas con VIH en esta región. Este estudio examinó los factores de riesgo que contribuyen a los pensamientos suicidas entre adultos con VIH (N = 360) quienes están revinculando con el tratamiento en la Argentina. El 21% de los participantes reportaron pensamientos suicidas en la semana pasada. En modelos de regresión logística ajustada, ser más joven, sintomatología depresiva, y el abuso de drogas estuvieron asociados con pensamientos suicidas (p < 0.05). Menos motivación para cumplir con el tratamiento y menos meses desde el inicio del tratamiento antirretroviral se aproximaron a tener una correlación con pensamientos suicidas (p = 0.07). Los pensamientos suicidas fueron prevalentes en este grupo de pacientes con VIH en la Argentina. Los hallazgos resaltan la necesidad de evaluaciones de riesgo e intervenciones integradas para la depresión, el uso de drogas y el comportamiento suicida entre pacientes con VIH

Identifying factors associated with successful implementation and uptake of an evidence-based voluntary medical male circumcision program in Zambia: the Spear and Shield 2 Program

Low staffing and insufficient training may increase the potential for health center staff members to be unaware of patient needs, leading to poorer patient outcomes and implementation failures. Voluntary medical male circumcision has been shown to provide a 50%–70% reduction in the risk of HIV infection without contributing to behavioral disinhibition of safer sexual practices. This study examined the interim implementation and dissemination data of Spear and Shield 2, an HIV risk-reduction program in Zambia. The purpose of this interim review was to identify contextual challenges to implementation and implement midcourse corrections associated with sustainability of program delivery. Using a mixed-methods design, quantitative evaluations of organizational functioning, barriers to implementation, burnout, and organizational readiness, as well as qualitative data utilizing the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR), were examined to evaluate program implementation. Participants were 184 health care providers from 46 clinics in Zambia. Successful implementation was associated with better community and leader support, and employee readiness and motivation. Quantitative assessments were not related to implementation and provided a limited picture of implementation outcomes. Results suggest that the qualitative data underlying the CFIR constructs provided a nuanced, contextual assessment of implementation, and dissemination outcomes. The CFIR may be valuable in informing the implementation of evidence-based interventions in other parts of Zambia

Motivational Interviewing Training for HIV Care Physicians in Argentina: Uptake and Sustainability of an Effective Behavior Change Intervention

Motivational interviewing (MI) utilizes a patient-centered approach to address patient ambivalence about treatment and has been found to improve treatment ART adherence among patients living with HIV disengaged from care. This study examined MI training for clinicians, uptake, and sustainability over time. Clinics (n = 7) with N = 38 physicians were randomized to condition (MI, Enhanced Standard of Care). Physicians completed video- recorded patient consultations at baseline and 6, 12, and 18-month follow-up. MI condition physicians had greater relational and technical scores over time and were more likely to adhere to and sustain MI over time. Overall, physicians found the MI training highly acceptable and were able to sustain their skills. Results illustrate the feasibility of MI training, implementation, and sustainment over 18 months. Findings support previous research in Argentina in which trained physicians found MI useful with challenging patients. Broader implementation of MI among HIV care physicians in Argentina is merited

Life-history covariates included in the final model showing statistical significance and direction of effect (+/-).

<p>Life-history covariates included in the final model showing statistical significance and direction of effect (+/-).</p

Candidate models for the socio-economic variables depletion.

<p>Candidate models for the socio-economic variables depletion.</p

Perceived Catch per unit effort (CPUE) ± SE.

<p>Perceived Catch per unit effort (CPUE) ± SE.</p

Numbers of zero catch reports for species reported in at least two marine KBAs.

<p>Numbers of zero catch reports for species reported in at least two marine KBAs.</p

Covariates included in the final model (see text) for each species showing statistical significance and direction of effect (+/-).

<p>Covariates included in the final model (see text) for each species showing statistical significance and direction of effect (+/-).</p