The kinetic parameters of peat conversion an oxidizing and inert media

В статье приведены экспериментально полученные данные технического анализа воздушно-сухого торфа, описаны особенности его применения в качестве энергетического топлива. Получены данные по скорости конверсии в инертной и окислительной среде при неизотермическом нагреве, проанализированы стадии разложения торфа в зависимости от степени конверсии образца. На основе проведенных исследований рассчитаны кинетические параметры конверсии для стадий выхода летучих и выгорания коксового остатка.The article presents the experimental data of the technical analysis of air-dry peat, the features of its use as an energy fuel are describes. The data on conversion rate in inert and oxidizing environment under non-isothermal heating, the decomposition stage of peat analyzed in the depending on the sample conversion degree. Based on these studies the kinetic conversion parameters for the yield of volatile and burning coke stages are calculated.Исследование выполнено в Уральском федеральном университете за счет гранта Российского научного фонда (проект №14-19-00524)

Mathematical model of the competition life cycle under limited resources conditions: Problem statement for business community

Present study is devoted to the development of competition life cycle mathematical model in the closed business community with limited resources. Growth of each agent is determined by the balance of input and output resource flows: input (cash) flow W is covering the variable V and constant C costs and growth dA/dt of the agent's assets A. Value of V is proportional to assets A that allows us to write down a first order non-stationary differential equation of the agent growth. Model includes the number of such equations due to the number of agents. The amount of resources that is available for agents vary in time. The balances of their input and output flows are changing correspondingly to the different stages of the competition life cycle. According to the theory of systems, the most complete description of any object or process is the model of its life cycle. Such a model describes all stages of its development: from the appearance ("birth") through development ("growth") to extinction ("death"). The model of the evolution of an individual firm, not contradicting the economic meaning of events actually observed in the market, is the desired result from modern AVMs for applied use. With a correct description of the market, rules for participants' actions, restrictions, forecasts can be obtained, which modern mathematics and the economy can not give. © 2017 Author(s).15-06-04863Present study was carried out under financial support of the Russian Fund of Fundamental Research grant № 15-06-04863 "Mathematical models of local payment system lifecycles"

Polyurethane ionomers based on amino ethers of: Ortho -phosphoric acid

© 2019 The Royal Society of Chemistry. The etherification of ortho-phosphoric acid with triethanolamine and polyoxypropylene glycol is studied. The reaction process is accompanied by the formation of hyperbranched amino ethers of ortho-phosphoric acid terminated by hydroxyl groups. A specific feature of the chemical structure of the compounds obtained is the existence of ion pairs in their structure separated in space. The reaction of the etherification of ortho-phosphoric acid with glycols becomes possible through the use of tertiary amines. The amino ethers of ortho-phosphoric acid are investigated as a polyol component for the synthesis of polyurethanes with high adhesion characteristics and strength properties. The experimental results presented allow us to relate polyurethanes obtained on the basis of ortho-phosphoric acid amino ethers to polymers of ionomeric nature

Polyurethane ionomers based on amino ethers of: Ortho -phosphoric acid

© 2019 The Royal Society of Chemistry. The etherification of ortho-phosphoric acid with triethanolamine and polyoxypropylene glycol is studied. The reaction process is accompanied by the formation of hyperbranched amino ethers of ortho-phosphoric acid terminated by hydroxyl groups. A specific feature of the chemical structure of the compounds obtained is the existence of ion pairs in their structure separated in space. The reaction of the etherification of ortho-phosphoric acid with glycols becomes possible through the use of tertiary amines. The amino ethers of ortho-phosphoric acid are investigated as a polyol component for the synthesis of polyurethanes with high adhesion characteristics and strength properties. The experimental results presented allow us to relate polyurethanes obtained on the basis of ortho-phosphoric acid amino ethers to polymers of ionomeric nature

Porous polyurethanes based on hyperbranched amino ethers of boric acid

© The Royal Society of Chemistry.Novel polyurethanes with hierarchical supramolecular structure were synthesized via polyaddition reaction of amino ethers of boric acid and polyisocyanate. The structural features of amino ethers of boric acid were investigated using11B NMR spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering. The changes of surface topology and pore size which were dependent on the hyperbranched structure of amino ethers of boric acid for synthesized polymers were characterized by atomic force microscopy and capillary flow porometry. Macromolecular packing in polyurethanes was analyzed from the swelling, water sorption, thermogravimetry, mechanical loss tangent, contact angle measurements, and tensile test results. According to the results of gas transport and water vapour testing, the synthesized polyurethanes exhibit the non-additive character of permeability changing

Porous polyurethanes based on hyperbranched amino ethers of boric acid

© The Royal Society of Chemistry.Novel polyurethanes with hierarchical supramolecular structure were synthesized via polyaddition reaction of amino ethers of boric acid and polyisocyanate. The structural features of amino ethers of boric acid were investigated using11B NMR spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering. The changes of surface topology and pore size which were dependent on the hyperbranched structure of amino ethers of boric acid for synthesized polymers were characterized by atomic force microscopy and capillary flow porometry. Macromolecular packing in polyurethanes was analyzed from the swelling, water sorption, thermogravimetry, mechanical loss tangent, contact angle measurements, and tensile test results. According to the results of gas transport and water vapour testing, the synthesized polyurethanes exhibit the non-additive character of permeability changing

Synthesis and Study of Gas Transport Properties of Polymers Based on Macroinitiators and 2,4-Toluene Diisocyanate

Nowadays, block copolymers hold great promise for the design of novel membranes to be applied for the membrane gas separation. In this regard, microporous block copolymers based on a macroinitiator with an anionic nature, such as potassium-substituted block copolymers of propylene oxide and ethylene oxide (PPEG) and 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (TDI), were obtained and investigated as effective gas separation membranes. The key element of the macromolecular structure that determines the supramolecular organization of the studied polymers is the coplanar blocks of polyisocyanates with an acetal nature (O-polyisocyanate). In the present research, the influence of the content of peripheral polyoxyethylene (POE) blocks in PPEG on the supramolecular structure processes and gas transport characteristics of the obtained polymers based on PPEG and TDI was investigated. According to the study of polymers if the POE block content is 15 wt %, the polyoxypropylene segments are located in the internal cavity of voids formed by O-polyisocyanate blocks. When the POE block content is 30 wt %, the flexible chain component forms its own microphase outside the segregation zone of the rigid O-polyisocyanate blocks. The permeability for polar molecules, such as ammonia or hydrogen sulfide, significantly exceeds the permeability values obtained for non-polar molecules He, N2 and CH4. A relatively high permeability is also observed for carbon dioxide. At the same time, the content of POE blocks has a small effect on the permeability for all studied gases. The diffusion coefficient increases with an increase in the POE block content in PPEG for all studied gases

Pervaporation Polyurethane Membranes Based on Hyperbranched Organoboron Polyols

On the basis of aminoethers of boric acid (AEBA), polyurethane vapor-permeable and pervaporative membranes were obtained. AEBAs, the structure of which is modified by bulk adducts (EM) of diphenylol propane diglycidyl ether and ethanolamine, were studied. It turned out that AEBA exists in the form of clusters, and the use of EM as a result of partial destruction of associative interactions leads to a significant decrease in the size of AEBA-EM particles and their viscosity compared to unmodified AEBA. The introduction of EM into the composition of AEBA leads to a threefold increase in the vapor permeability of polyurethanes obtained on their basis. The observed effect is explained by the fact that a decrease in the size of clusters leads to loosening of their dense packing. Areas of clustering due to associative interactions of hydroxyl groups, together with the hydrophilic nature of polyoxyethylene glycol, create channels through which water molecules can penetrate. The increase in vapor permeability is accompanied by a multiple increase in the permeability coefficients in the pervaporative dehydration of isopropanol