Metabolic characteristics of keto-adapted ultra-endurance runners

Background: Many successful ultra-endurance athletes have switched from a high-carbohydrate to a low-carbohydrate diet, but they have not previously been studied to determine the extent of metabolic adaptations. Methods: Twenty elite ultra-marathoners and ironman distance triathletes performed a maximal graded exercise test and a 180 min submaximal run at 64% VO2max on a treadmill to determine metabolic responses. One group habitually consumed a traditional high-carbohydrate (HC: n = 10, %carbohydrate:protein:fat = 59:14:25) diet, and the other a low-carbohydrate (LC; n = 10, 10:19:70) diet for an average of 20 months (range 9 to 36 months). Results: Peak fat oxidation was 2.3-fold higher in the LC group (1.54 ± 0.18 vs 0.67 ± 0.14 g/min; P = 0.000) and it occurred at a higher percentage of VO2max (70.3 ± 6.3 vs 54.9 ± 7.8%; P = 0.000). Mean fat oxidation during submaximal exercise was 59% higher in the LC group (1.21 ± 0.02 vs 0.76 ± 0.11 g/min; P = 0.000) corresponding to a greater relative contribution of fat (88 ± 2 vs 56 ± 8%; P = 0.000). Despite these marked differences in fuel use between LC and HC athletes, there were no significant differences in resting muscle glycogen and the level of depletion after 180 min of running (− 64% from pre-exercise) and 120 min of recovery (− 36% from pre-exercise). Conclusion: Compared to highly trained ultra-endurance athletes consuming an HC diet, long-term keto-adaptation results in extraordinarily high rates of fat oxidation, whereas muscle glycogen utilization and repletion patterns during and after a 3 hour run are similar

Endurance and resistance exercise: acute postprandial responses and chronic training adaptations

Obesity is linked to lower lipid oxidation and elevations in resting and postprandial triglyceride (TG) concentrations, and is associated with many chronic disease risks including CVD. Exercise is commonly used to overcome such disruptions in lipid dynamics, but the comparison of various exercise modalities and their role in rectifying such metabolic inadequacies is scarce. Using the ingestion of isotope labeled [U-13C] palmitate, we investigated postprandial TG and fatty acid (FA) metabolism and the contributing hormonal changes from an acute bout of endurance (E) and resistance (R) exercise in obese women. In comparison to a sedentary control condition, we found significantly elevated exogenous and endogenous derived lipid oxidation during the postprandial period in both E and R. Analysis of plasma FA and TG concentration revealed significant attenuations in endogenously derived TG, and elevations in exogenously derived plasma FA. The only significant change as a function of condition in hormone concentration during the postprandial period was for growth hormone (GH), which was significantly elevated in both E and R in comparison to a sedentary control. While combining both E and R within the same exercise session in a chronic exercise regimen results in improvements in body composition and fitness, there is still considerable debate as to whether there is a benefit to performing E either before or after R. We investigated the concurrent ordering (E-R, R-E) of 60 min combined E + R during an 8-week intervention to determine potential differences in body composition and physical fitness in inactive women. We found that combined E and R significantly increased aerobic capacity, upper and lower body strength, as well as FFM regardless of the order they were performed. In summary, compared to a sedentary control, a pre-meal bout of exercise enhances the postprandial rise in growth hormone in obese women. This is associated with enhanced whole body fatty acid oxidation and reduced appearance of only endogenously derived TG in the bloodstream. These results were unaffected by type of exercise (E or R). In a separate study of combined E and R, the order of exercise had no impact on fitness parameters and both groups improved over an 8-week intervention. Collectively, these data suggest that E and R have equivalent and beneficial effects on postprandial fat trafficking and physical fitness in untrained women.Ph. D.Includes bibliographical referencesby Patrick Michael Davit

Influence Of Hmb Supplementation And Resistance Training On Cytokine Responses To Resistance Exercise

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a multinutritional supplement including amino acids, β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB), and carbohydrates on cytokine responses to resistance exercise and training. Methods: Seventeen healthy, college-aged men were randomly assigned to a Muscle Armor™ (MA; Abbott Nutrition, Columbus, OH) or placebo supplement group and 12 weeks of resistance training. An acute resistance exercise protocol was administered at 0, 6, and 12 weeks of training. Venous blood samples at pre-, immediately post-, and 30-minutes postexercise were analyzed via bead multiplex immunoassay for 17 cytokines. Results: After 12 weeks of training, the MA group exhibited decreased interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin (IL)-10. IL-1β differed by group at various times. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-17, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 beta (MIP-1β) changed over the 12-week training period but did not differ by group. Conclusions: Twelve weeks of resistance training alters the cytokine response to acute resistance exercise, and supplementation with HMB and amino acids appears to further augment this result

Metabolic characteristics of keto-adapted ultra-endurance runners Metabolic characteristics of keto-adapted ultra-endurance runners

ABSTRACT Background: Many successful ultra-endurance athletes have switched from a high-carbohydrat

Additional file 4: Table S3. of Diversity of ABC transporter genes across the plant kingdom and their potential utility in biotechnology

Filtered BLAST results of transcripts with 90 % or greater query coverage of ABC transporter protein subject. (XLSX 2317 kb

Additional file 1: file S1. of Diversity of ABC transporter genes across the plant kingdom and their potential utility in biotechnology

Fasta file of ABC transporter proteins from rice and Arabidopsis. (FASTA 139 kb

Additional file 3: Table S2. of Diversity of ABC transporter genes across the plant kingdom and their potential utility in biotechnology

Detailed table of classification results and associated metadata. (XLSX 163 kb