Campylobacter jejuni invade chicken LMH cells inefficiently and stimulate differential expression of the chicken CXCLi1 and CXCLi2 cytokines

Campylobacter jejuni is a major food-borne bacterial pathogen, which is capable of causing diarrhoea containing blood and leukocytes. C. jejuni invasion of the intestinal epithelial cells and the release of proinflammatory molecules contribute to the pathophysiology of campylobacteriosis. Given the commensal relationship of C. jejuni with chickens, we hypothesized that C. jejuni invasion of chicken cells and the release of host cell cytokines would be significantly less than with human cells. To test our hypothesis, we examined the interactions of C. jejuni with chicken LMH cells, and performed in vivo experiments with chickens. The binding and internalization assays revealed that C. jejuni was significantly less invasive of LMH cells relative to human INT 407 cells, even though the bacteria bound to each host cell species equally. We also assessed interleukin-8 (IL-8) transcript, IL-8 secretion, and the release of chemoattractant molecules from the inoculated cells. Inoculation of LMH cells with C. jejuni stimulated expression of both chicken IL-8 orthologues, chCXCLi2 and chCXCLi1, but at levels significantly less than human IL-8 (huCXCL8) expressed from human INT 407 cells inoculated with C. jejuni. Moreover, the supernatant fluids of the C. jejuni-inoculated LMH cells resulted in little heterophil migration. In vivo, C. jejuni were observed bound to the cells lining the glandular crypts, but overt signs of cell invasion or pathology were not observed. These results indicate that cytokine expression in chicken LMH cells in response to C. jejuni is distinct from that of Salmonella typhimurium

Step Activity After Surgical Treatment of Ankle Arthritis

Category: Ankle Arthritis Introduction/Purpose: We used step counts as objective measures of activity as a compliment to patient self-reported outcomes in treatment of ankle arthritis to validate success or failure of treatment. Methods: 234 patients who were treated with ankle arthrodesis or ankle replacement wore step activity monitors before treatment and after treatment at 6 months, 12 months, 24 months and 36 months. Total steps taken as well as low, medium and high activity, sustained activity, and an activity index were measured in each group. In addition, step activity was compared with the subjects’ self-reported outcome using the MFA and SF-36. We measured change from baseline and compared treatment type. Linear mixed-effects regression analysis was used to test for improvement in step activity (the dependent variables) across follow-up (the fixed effect, modeled as 4 dummy variables representing differences from pre-op at 6, 12, 24 and 36 months), with fixed covariates age, sex, body mass index (BMI) and surgical treatment. Results: Both treatment groups improved significantly. Objective and PROM were not parallel. While PROM plateaued at 6 months, steps continued to increase at 36 months. Step counts increases did correlate with improving PROM however. Patients undergoing arthrodesis had slower improvement than arthroplasty patients with greater differences in the early stages of recovery (i.e., 6 and 12-month post-op) than at 36 months where improvements were similar across groups. (See table 2 for data). The trajectory of recovery was different but there were no significant differences in improvement by surgery procedure. Conclusion: Patients increase the number and the intensity of steps after treatment. Improvement after arthrodesis and ankle replacement follow different trajectories. For step totals, high intensity steps and the sustained activity metrics, arthroplasty patients showed more improvement than arthrodesis patients early in recovery. Step data are consistent with patient reported outcomes but do not parallel them. Unlike PROM which improve dramatically in the first six months then plateau, step activity demonstrated mild or no improvement at 6 months but later had improvement that increased gradually across follow-up out to three years. Objective outcome measures add value to measurement of treatment outcomes

Comparison of treatment outcomes of Arthrodesis and Two Generations of Ankle Replacement Implants

Category: Ankle, Ankle Arthritis, Arthroscopy, Trauma Introduction/Purpose: We tested clinical equipoise in ankle arthrodesis and ankle arthroplasty during a time of transition from older to newer generation implants using a prospective cohort. Methods: We performed a prospective cohort study comparing outcomes in 273 consecutive patients treated for ankle arthritis by arthrodesis or ankle arthroplasty between 2005 and 2011. Adult Patients with end-stage ankle arthritis, who were ambulatory and willing and able to respond to surveys were included. Patients were excluded from the study if they had another significant lower limb problem that might affect ambulation. At baseline and at 6, 12, 24, and 36 months follow up visit, participants completed a pain and satisfaction survey, a Musculoskeletal Function Assessment (MFA), and a Short Form-36 (SF-36) survey. Surgery was performed by surgeons trained in both foot and ankle reconstruction and hip and knee arthroplasty. The participants were primarily enrolled from a tertiary teaching hospital but also at three sites in different states that included both teaching hospitals and private practice settings. Results: Linear mixed effects regression adjusted for baseline differences (age, BMI, and surgery type.) There were no significant baseline differences in MFA or SF-36 by surgery type. There was significant mean improvement after surgery regardless of procedure (p<0.001). The greatest improvement occurred at 6 month follow-up; Mean ± SE, (%) improvement was 12.6±0.7, (32%) for MFA, 22.0±1.4, (58%) for Physical Function (PF); 32.4±1.6, (96%) for Bodily Pain (BP), 4.0±0.2, (60%) for pain score. Average improvement was significantly better with arthroplasty in MFA (3.6 ± 1.6, p=0.023) and in PF (7.5 ± 2.9, p=0.0098). The difference between arthrodesis and arthroplasty was greater for patients receiving the newer Salto Talaris implant; average improvement for MFA (3.9±1.4, p=0.031), PF (8.8±3.3, p=0.0074), BP (7.3±3.6, p=0.045), and pain score (0.8±0.4, p=0.038). Conclusion: Conclusions Both ankle replacement and ankle arthrodesis are highly effective treatments for ESAA. When treated by surgeons with expertise in both foot reconstruction and hip and knee arthroplasty, patients reported improved comfort and function with both treatments. Average improvement was significantly better in those with arthroplasty in MFA and in SF-36 PF scale (7.5 ± 2.9, p=0.0098). That difference was greater when earlier generation implants were removed from the analysis. Younger patients had greater functional improvements than older patients. Patients with low BMI had better improvement that those with high BMI

DS_10.1177_1071100718776021 – Supplemental material for Frequency and Impact of Adverse Events in Patients Undergoing Surgery for End-Stage Ankle Arthritis

<p>Supplemental material, DS_10.1177_1071100718776021 for Frequency and Impact of Adverse Events in Patients Undergoing Surgery for End-Stage Ankle Arthritis by Daniel C. Norvell, Jane B. Shofer, Sigvard T. Hansen, James Davitt, John G. Anderson, Donald Bohay, J. Chris Coetzee, John Maskill, Michael Brage, Michael Houghton, William R. Ledoux and Bruce J. Sangeorzan in Foot & Ankle International</p

Diversity of ABC transporter genes across the plant kingdom and their potential utility in biotechnology

Background: The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter gene superfamily is ubiquitous among extant organisms and prominently represented in plants. ABC transporters act to transport compounds across cellular membranes and are involved in a diverse range of biological processes. Thus, the applicability to biotechnology is vast, including cancer resistance in humans, drug resistance among vertebrates, and herbicide and other xenobiotic resistance in plants. In addition, plants appear to harbor the highest diversity of ABC transporter genes compared with any other group of organisms. This study applied transcriptome analysis to survey the kingdom-wide ABC transporter diversity in plants and suggest biotechnology applications of this diversity. Results: We utilized sequence similarity-based informatics techniques to infer the identity of ABC transporter gene candidates from 1295 phylogenetically-diverse plant transcriptomes. A total of 97,149 putative (approximately 25 % were full-length) ABC transporter gene members were identified; each RNA-Seq library (plant sample) had 88 ± 30 gene members. As expected, simpler organisms, such as algae, had fewer unique members than vascular land plants. Differences were also noted in the richness of certain ABC transporter subfamilies. Land plants had more unique ABCB, ABCC, and ABCG transporter gene members on average (p < 0.005), and green algae, red algae, and bryophytes had significantly more ABCF transporter gene members (p < 0.005). Ferns had significantly fewer ABCA transporter gene members than all other plant groups (p < 0.005). Conclusions: We present a transcriptomic overview of ABC transporter gene members across all major plant groups. An increase in the number of gene family members present in the ABCB, ABCC, and ABCD transporter subfamilies may indicate an expansion of the ABC transporter superfamily among green land plants, which include all crop species. The striking difference between the number of ABCA subfamily transporter gene members between ferns and other plant taxa is surprising and merits further investigation. Discussed is the potential exploitation of ABC transporters in plant biotechnology, with an emphasis on crops.Arts and Sciences, Irving K. Barber School of (Okanagan)Science, Faculty ofNon UBCBiology, Department of (Okanagan)Botany, Department ofReviewedFacult