Outward FDI from China and its policy context, 2012

China's outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) has continued to grow despite the uncertain global climate emerging from the recent crises. The latest Five Year Plan, which came into effect in 2011, strengthens the commitment to promote the "going global" policy. While the country's OFDI continues to go into tertiary and primary sectors, there are signs of gradual sectoral diversification. Asia, especially Hong Kong (China), remains the largest recipient of Chinese investment, with OFDI in smaller targets, including Europe, growing more rapidly. The Caribbean offshore tax havens continue to receive large amounts of Chinese OFDI. Local authorities in China are increasingly doing their bit to foster investment abroad. Unless there are any major adverse changes in domestic and external conditions, China's OFDI is likely to continue expanding and diversifying

UK Renal Registry 18th Annual Report : Chapter 12 Epidemiology of Reported Infections amongst Patients Receiving Dialysis for Established Renal Failure in England 2013 to 2014: a Joint Report from Public Health England and the UK Renal Registry

From 1st May 2013 to 30th April 2014 there were 35 episodes of Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteraemia in established renal failure patients on dialysis. This is now fairly stable year-on-year equating to a rate of 0.15 episodes per 100 dialysis patient years, following an initial decline in rates from 4.0 episodes per 100 dialysis patient years in 2005 when reporting began. Methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) bacteraemia rates were slightly higher this year at 2.23 per 100 dialysis patient years (compared with 1.59 episodes per 100 dialysis patient years last year) with 526 episodes of blood stream infection reported. In 2005, the first year this was reported, there were 1,114 MSSA bacteraemias in 54 centres. There were 247 Clostridium difficile infection episodes with a rate of 1.05 per 100 dialysis patient years, slightly higher than last year at 0.55 episodes per 100 dialysis patient years. Escherichia coli infections occurred at a rate of 1.49 per 100 dialysis patient years, very similar to the rate reported last year (1.32 episodes per 100 dialysis patient years). This report has utilised a new methodology to identify cases, linking all established renal failure cases known to the UK Renal Registry (UKRR) with all infections reported to Public Health England and avoids the need for the local microbiology team to flag the patient as a renal patient. This may have increased the reliability of diagnosis at the UKRR level. In each infection for which access data were collected, the presence of a central venous catheter appeared to correlate with increased risk.Peer reviewedFinal Published versio

全球FDI下跌之际，中国OFDI翻番

这篇文章审视了2008年中大量的来自中国的国际直接投资者背后的驱使力和对外投资的显着特征。戴维斯还讨论了全球金融危机是如何影响中国的对外直接投资的

Inward FDI in China and its policy context, 2012

China remains the pre-eminent recipient of inward foreign direct investment (IFDI) among developing countries. FDI flows to the country continued to rise even during and after the recent global financial and economic crises, when many multinational enterprises (MNEs) found themselves in difficulties, demonstrating the continuing popularity of China as an investment destination. Nonetheless, other developing countries, such as Indonesia and Vietnam, are starting to steal China's thunder, offering themselves as cheaper alternatives. Although FDI stock in China reached a new high of US$ 711 billion in 2011, IFDI attraction is losing its former high priority in the Government's arsenal of economic policies, especially as the focus is turned ever more sharply on promoting outward investment. Now that domestic enterprises have taken over most of the functions provided by foreign investment in the first two decades of economic reform (i.e., the 1980s and 1990s), IFDI policies are being concentrated on honing the investment attraction effort to bring in foreign investments capable of filling gaps in the country's industrial structure and helping China meet policy goals such as environmental protection and energy conservation

Comparing the Efficacy of Drug Regimens for Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Meta-analysis of Endpoints in Early-Phase Clinical Trials

Background A systematic review of early clinical outcomes in tuberculosis was undertaken to determine ranking of efficacy of drugs and combinations, define variability of these measures on different endpoints, and to establish the relationships between them. Methods Studies were identified by searching PubMed, Medline, Embase, LILACS (Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature), and reference lists of included studies. Outcomes were early bactericidal activity results over 2, 7, and 14 days, and the proportion of patients with negative culture at 8 weeks. Results One hundred thirty-three trials reporting phase 2A (early bactericidal activity) and phase 2B (culture conversion at 2 months) outcomes were identified. Only 9 drug combinations were assessed on >1 phase 2A endpoint and only 3 were assessed in both phase 2A and 2B trials. Conclusions The existing evidence base supporting phase 2 methodology in tuberculosis is highly incomplete. In future, a broader range of drugs and combinations should be more consistently studied across a greater range of phase 2 endpoints

Co-targeting HGF/cMET Signaling with MEK Inhibitors in Metastatic Uveal Melanoma.

Patients with metastatic uveal melanoma usually die within 1 year of diagnosis, emphasizing an urgent need to develop new treatment strategies. The liver is the most common site of metastasis. Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitors improve survival in V600 BRAF-mutated cutaneous melanoma patients but have limited efficacy in patients with uveal melanoma. Our previous work showed that hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) signaling elicits resistance to MEK inhibitors in metastatic uveal melanoma. In this study, we demonstrate that expression of two BH3-only family proteins, Bim-EL and Bmf, contributes to HGF-mediated resistance to MEK inhibitors. Targeting HGF/cMET signaling with LY2875358, a neutralizing and internalizing anti-cMET bivalent antibody, and LY2801653, a dual cMET/RON inhibitor, overcomes resistance to trametinib provided by exogenous HGF and by conditioned medium from primary hepatic stellate cells. We further determined that activation of PI3Kα/γ/δ isoforms mediates the resistance to MEK inhibitors by HGF. Combination of LY2801653 with trametinib decreases AKT phosphorylation and promotes proapoptotic PARP cleavage in metastatic uveal melanoma explants. Together, our data support the notion that selectively blocking cMET signaling or PI3K isoforms in metastatic uveal melanoma may break the intrinsic resistance to MEK inhibitors provided by factors from stromal cells in the liver