The labour market in the context of the growth of globalization processes: evidence from Ukraine and countries of the European Union

The labour market is a special market of means of production, which requires special attention, since the subject of exchange is the ability of people to work, skills and knowledge of a person. The welfare of the population, its purchasing power, level of income and, in the end, the standard of living depends on the efficiency of the exchange at the market. The issue of unemployment is one of the key issues in the state regulation of the labor market, which causes a decrease in household incomes and the general population, a decrease in the welfare of the nation and in general the gross domestic product. Scientists distinguish several types of unemployment on various grounds: reasons, structure and period, etc. But one of the topical problems of the present, with a tendency towards rising retirement age, observed in both developed and developing countries, is youth unemployment. That entails a set of problems: the inadequacy of education with the current requirements of the labour market, the lack of vacancies, and the increase of retirement age employees delays the term of retirement, thus not freeing jobs, etc

Nasal inoculation with α-synuclein aggregates evokes rigidity, locomotor deficits and immunity to such misfolded species as well as dopamine

Animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD) have been widely used to investigate the pathogenesis of this neurodegenerative disorder which is typically associated with the specific and largely disordered protein α-synuclein (α-syn). In the current study, the nasal vector was used to deliver α-syn aggregates to the brain. Both α-syn oligomers and its fibrils were firstly characterized using atomic force microscopy and the thioflavin T binding assay. The toxic oligomers alone (0.48 mg/kg) or their 50:50 combination with fibrils (in a total dose of 0.48 mg/kg) were then given intranasally for ten days in mice and PD-mimetic symptoms as well as humoral immunity to these species and dopamine (DA) were evaluated simultaneously. Open-field behavioral deficits indicated by rigidity and reduced locomotor activity were induced by the dual administration of α-syn oligomers plus fibrils but not the oligomers by themselves under the 10-day dosing regimen. In contrast, using ELISA, high levels of serum autoantibodies to α-syn monomeric, oligomeric and fibrillar conformers as well as DA were observed in both treatment groups reflecting immune system activation and this substantiates previous clinical studies in Parkinson's disease patients. Thus, nasal administration of α-syn amyloidogenic species may be a potential experimental PD model which results not only in motor deficits but also incitement of humoral protection to mimic the disease. Such a paradigm may be exploitable in the quest for potential therapeutic strategies and further studies are warranted

Cross-cultural investigation into cognitive underpinnings of individual differences in early arithmetic

The present study evaluated 626 5–7-year-old children in the UK, China, Russia, and Kyrgyzstan on a cognitive test battery measuring: (1) general skills; (2) non-symbolic number sense; (3) symbolic number understanding; (4) simple arithmetic – operating with numbers; and (5) familiarity with numbers. Although most inter-population differences were small, 13% of the variance in arithmetic skills could be explained by the sample, replicating the pattern, previously found with older children in PISA. Furthermore, the same cognitive skills were related to early arithmetic in these diverse populations. Only understanding of symbolic number explained variation in mathematical performance in all samples. We discuss the results in terms of potential influences of socio-demographic, linguistic and genetic factors on individual differences in mathematics