Modeling Human Cancer-induced Cachexia

Talbert et al. developed an inducible mouse model of cachexia caused by pancreatic cancer. This model exhibits features of the human condition, including the progressive depletion of muscle and adipose tissue associated with tumor progression

Production of Novel Tetrahydroxyfuranyl Fatty Acids from α-Linolenic Acid by Clavibacter sp. Strain ALA2

Previously, it was reported that a newly isolated microbial culture, Clavibacter sp. strain ALA2, produced trihydroxy unsaturated fatty acids, diepxoy bicyclic fatty acids, and tetrahydroxyfuranyl fatty acids (THFAs) from linoleic acid (C. T. Hou, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 73:1359-1362, 1996; C. T. Hou and R. J. Forman III, J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 24:275-276, 2000; C. T. Hou, H. Gardner, and W. Brown, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 75:1483-1487, 1998; C. T. Hou, H. W. Gardner, and W. Brown, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 78:1167-1169, 2001). In this study, we found that Clavibacter sp. strain ALA2 produced novel THFAs, including 13,16-dihydroxy-12-THFA, 15-epoxy-9(Z)-octadecenoic acid (13,16-dihydroxy-THFA), and 7,13,16-trihydroxy-12, 15-epoxy-9(Z)-octadecenoic acid (7,13,16-trihydroxy-THFA), from α-linolenic acid (9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid). The chemical structures of these products were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and proton and (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance analyses. The optimum incubation temperature was 30°C for production of both hydroxy-THFAs. 13,16-Dihydroxy-THFA was detected after 2 days of incubation, and the concentration reached 45 mg/50 ml after 7 days of incubation; 7,13,16-trihydroxy-THFA was not detected after 2 days of incubation, but the concentration reached 9 mg/50 ml after 7 days of incubation. The total yield of both 13,16-dihydroxy-THFA and 7,13,16-trihydroxy-THFA was 67% (wt/wt) after 7 days of incubation at 30°C and 200 rpm. In previous studies, it was reported that Clavibacter sp. strain ALA2 oxidized the C-7, C-12, C-13, C-16, and C-17 positions of linoleic acid (n-6) into hydroxy groups. In this case, the bond between the C-16 and C-17 carbon atoms is saturated. In α-linolenic acid (n-3), however, the bond between the C-16 and C-17 carbon atoms is unsaturated. It seems that enzymes of strain ALA2 oxidized the C-12-C-13 and C-16-C-17 double bonds into dihydroxy groups first and then converted them to hydroxy-THFAs