Carboniferous and Permian magmatism in Scotland

Extensional tectonics to the north of the Variscan Front during the Early Carboniferous generated fault-controlled basins across the British Isles, with accompanying basaltic magmatism. In Scotland Dinantian magmatism was dominantly mildly alkaline-transitional in composition. Tournaisian activity was followed by widespread Visean eruptions largely concentrated within the Scottish Midland Valley where the lava successions, dominantly of basaltic-hawaiitic composition, attained thicknesses of up to 1000 m. Changing stress fields in the late Visean coincided with a change in the nature of the igneous activity; subsequently, wholly basic magmatism persisted into the Silesian. As sedimentary basin fills increased, sill intrusion tended to dominate over lava extrusion. In the Late Carboniferous (Stephanian) a major melting episode, producing large volumes of tholeiitic magma, gave rise to a major dyke swarm and sills across northern England and Scotland. Alkali basaltic magmatism persisted into the Permian, possibly until as late as 250 Ma in Orkney. Geochemical data suggest that the Carboniferous-Permian magmas were dominantly of asthenospheric origin, derived from variable degrees of partial melting of a heterogeneous mantle source; varying degrees of interaction with the lithosphere are indicated. Peridotite, pyroxenite and granulite-facies basic meta-igneous rocks entrained as xenoliths within the most primitive magmas provide evidence for metasomatism of the lithospheric mantle and high-pressure crystal fractionation

Visibly Shackled: The Supreme Court\u27s Failure to Distinguish between Convicted and Accused at Sentencing for Capital Crimes

American courts have long held that the practice of placing a criminal defendant in visible shackles during the guilt phase of trial is inherently prejudicial and have required courts to state with particularity the reason for doing so. However, no bright-line rule establishes the proper procedure or the degree of discretion given to the trial courts when making their determination. As a result, disparity has developed among the courts as to when and under what circumstances a criminal defendant may be shackled. Even greater confusion arises when courts consider the issue of shackling a convicted defendant during sentencing. For instance, one line of holdings stated that the past conduct of the defendant was sufficient to establish the need for restraints at sentencing, absent any abuse of discretion by the trial court. Another holding required the trial court to use the same analysis during both the guilt phase and sentencing phase when deciding whether to place a defendant in shackles. Finally, other holdings have required a somewhat lesser showing than that required for shackling a defendant during the guilt phase. In Deck v. Missouri, the United States Supreme Court addressed the issue of shackling during the sentencing phase of capital cases. The Court held that the United States Constitution forbids visible shackles to be routinely placed on defendants during sentencing for capital crimes. The Court did not, however, hold this prohibition to be absolute. The Court permitted the trial court to place the defendant in shackles provided that the trial court, in its discretion and on the record, considered any special circumstances or essential state interests specific to the particular defendant on trial. This holding presents a problem, not in its application, but in its reasoning. The court based its holding on the defendant\u27s due process rights under the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments. As a means of arriving at its conclusion, however, the court announced three new fundamental rights to which the convicted defendant was entitled

GaN-based HEMTs on Low Resistivity Silicon Technology for Microwave Applications

This paper investigates the effect of insertion AlN spacer between the GaN channel and buffer in a sub-micron gate (0.3 μm) AlGaN/GaN HEMTs on a low-resistivity (LR) (σ < 10 Ω.cm) silicon substrates on RF performance. Enhancement in short circuit current gain (fT) and maximum frequency of oscillation (fMAX) was observed in the HEMT with a 1 nm AlN spacer, where (fT) and (fMAX) were increased from 47 GHz to 55 GHz and 79 GHz to 121 GHz, respectively. Small-signal-modelling analysis was carried out to study this improvement in performance. We found that the AlN interlayer played a crucial role in reducing the gate-source capacitance, Cgs, by 36 % and delay, τ, by 20 % under the gate, as a result of an increase in mobility and a reduction in trap-related effects

Competitive Tendering for Bus Services: The Improved Adelaide Model

In 1994 the Government of South Australia initiated a process to contract out scheduled bus services in metropolitan Adelaide. The services, which currently involve use of about 760 buses that carry 47 million passengers per year in a service area of 880 square kilometres, had been operated by a Government organisation. Services were contracted out primarily on an areas basis, with ten area and four route contracts. By 1996 two contracts had been awarded to a private operator and three to the Government operator following two rounds of competitive tendering. Remaining services were provided by the Government operator through negotiated contracts. A review of the bus contracting system was undertaken in 1998, and features of the system modified, including a reduction in the number of contracts to six area and one route contract. All seven contracts were subsequently competitively tendered and won by private operators: the new contracts commenced in April 2000. The refinements to the Adelaide M odel secured greater interest from industry and keener pricing, which resulted in substantial cost savings. In developing the revised model, particular attention was paid to supplier market considerations. This included the division of responsibilities for service planning between the tendering authority and operators, and incentive structures to align operator objectives with Government goals in relation to service level, service quality and patronage. A number of other aspects of the former model were also revised. The paper also summarises the impacts of the overall competitive tendering process on costs, services and patronage. It draws out lessons learned that may be applicable to other authorities contemplating competitive tendering of public transport services

Second Regiment Connecticut N. G. : March

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Effect Of AlN Spacer In The Layer Structure On High Rf Performance GaN-Based HEMTs On Low Resistivity Silicon At K-Band Application

AlGaN/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistors (HEMTs) grown on Si substrate are emerging as an attractive devices for many RF applications. This is due to lower circuits realization cost and multifunction chips integration. In this study we investigate the effect of AlN spacer between AlGaN and GaN of a sub-micron gate (0.3 μm) AlGaN/GaN and AlGaN/AlN/GaN HEMTs on a Low Resistivity LR Si substrates on RF performance. We have observed an enhancement in RF performance fT and fMAX in the HEMT with of AlN spacer; (fT) was increased from 47 GHz to 55 GHz and (fMAX) was increased from 79 GHz to 121 GHz. This enhancement in performance is mainly due to the increase in the mobility in the channel and confinement of the carriers reducing Cgs, and delay τ under the gate. We believe this is the first RF study of this type as previous studies were based on the effects of the DC characteristic of the devices [1]

Puncturing the Malthus delusion: structural change in the British economy before the industrial revolution, 1500-1800

Accounts of structural change in the pre-modern British economy vary substantially. We present the first time series of male labour sectoral shares before 1800, using a large sample of probate and apprenticeship data to produce national and county-level estimates. England experienced a rapid decline in the agricultural share between the early seventeenth and the beginning of the eighteenth centuries, associated with rising agricultural and especially industrial productivity; Wales saw only limited changes. Our results provide further evidence of early structural change, highlighting the significance of the mid-seventeenth century as a turning point in English economic development

Structural change and economic growth in the British economy before the Industrial Revolution, 1500-1800

Structural transformation is a key indicator of economic development. We present the first time series of male labour sectoral shares for England and Wales before 1800, using a large sample of probate and apprenticeship data to produce national and county-level estimates. England experienced a rapid decline in the share of workers in agriculture between the early seventeenth and the beginning of the eighteenth centuries, associated with rising agricultural and especially industrial productivity; Wales saw few changes. Our results show that England experienced unusually early structural change and highlight the mid-seventeenth century as a turning point