7,526 research outputs found
On The Orbital Evolution of Jupiter Mass Protoplanet Embedded in A Self-Gravity Disk
We performed a series of hydro-dynamic simulations to investigate the orbital
migration of a Jovian planet embedded in a proto-stellar disk. In order to take
into account of the effect of the disk's self gravity, we developed and adopted
an \textbf{Antares} code which is based on a 2-D Godunov scheme to obtain the
exact Reimann solution for isothermal or polytropic gas, with non-reflecting
boundary conditions. Our simulations indicate that in the study of the runaway
(type III) migration, it is important to carry out a fully self consistent
treatment of the gravitational interaction between the disk and the embedded
planet. Through a series of convergence tests, we show that adequate numerical
resolution, especially within the planet's Roche lobe, critically determines
the outcome of the simulations. We consider a variety of initial conditions and
show that isolated, non eccentric protoplanet planets do not undergo type III
migration. We attribute the difference between our and previous simulations to
the contribution of a self consistent representation of the disk's self
gravity. Nevertheless, type III migration cannot be completely suppressed and
its onset requires finite amplitude perturbations such as that induced by
planet-planet interaction. We determine the radial extent of type III migration
as a function of the disk's self gravity.Comment: 19 pages, 13 figure
Outcomes and Duration of Tidal Evolution in a Star-Planet-Moon System
We formulated tidal decay lifetimes for hypothetical moons orbiting
extrasolar planets with both lunar and stellar tides. Previous work neglected
the effect of lunar tides on planet rotation, and are therefore applicable only
to systems in which the moon's mass is much less than that of the planet. This
work, in contrast, can be applied to the relatively large moons that might be
detected around newly-discovered Neptune-mass and super-Earth planets. We
conclude that moons are more stable when the planet/moon systems are further
from the parent star, the planets are heavier, or the parent stars are lighter.
Inclusion of lunar tides allows for significantly longer lifetimes for a
massive moon relative to prior formulations. We expect that the semi-major axis
of the planet hosting the first detected exomoon around a G-type star is
0.4-0.6 AU and is 0.2-0.4 AU for an M-type star.Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ, 19 pages, 19 figure
Escape path complexity and its context dependency in Pacific blue-eyes (Pseudomugil signifer)
The escape trajectories animals take following a predatory attack appear to
show high degrees of apparent 'randomness' - a property that has been described
as 'protean behaviour'. Here we present a method of quantifying the escape
trajectories of individual animals using a path complexity approach. When fish
(Pseudomugil signifer) were attacked either on their own or in groups, we find
that an individual's path rapidly increases in entropy (our measure of
complexity) following the attack. For individuals on their own, this entropy
remains elevated (indicating a more random path) for a sustained period (10
seconds) after the attack, whilst it falls more quickly for individuals in
groups. The entropy of the path is context dependent. When attacks towards
single fish come from greater distances, a fish's path shows less complexity
compared to attacks that come from short range. This context dependency effect
did not exist, however, when individuals were in groups. Nor did the path
complexity of individuals in groups depend on a fish's local density of
neighbours. We separate out the components of speed and direction changes to
determine which of these components contributes to the overall increase in path
complexity following an attack. We found that both speed and direction measures
contribute similarly to an individual's path's complexity in absolute terms.
Our work highlights the adaptive behavioural tactics that animals use to avoid
predators and also provides a novel method for quantifying the escape
trajectories of animals.Comment: 9 page
Solid friction between soft filaments
Any macroscopic deformation of a filamentous bundle is necessarily
accompanied by local sliding and/or stretching of the constituent filaments.
Yet the nature of the sliding friction between two aligned filaments
interacting through multiple contacts remains largely unexplored. Here, by
directly measuring the sliding forces between two bundled F-actin filaments, we
show that these frictional forces are unexpectedly large, scale logarithmically
with sliding velocity as in solid-like friction, and exhibit complex dependence
on the filaments' overlap length. We also show that a reduction of the
frictional force by orders of magnitude, associated with a transition from
solid-like friction to Stokes' drag, can be induced by coating F-actin with
polymeric brushes. Furthermore, we observe similar transitions in filamentous
microtubules and bacterial flagella. Our findings demonstrate how altering a
filament's elasticity, structure and interactions can be used to engineer
interfilament friction and thus tune the properties of fibrous composite
materials
Dynamic Structure Of A Nonaqueous Lamellar Liquid Crystal: Comparison With The Aqueous Case
The lamellar phase of sodium dodecyl sulfate/decanol/glycerol has been compared to the analogous water-based system. Results of NMR studies of deuteriated alcohol and surfactant showed the bilayer to be more disordered in the nonaqueous case than in the phase made with water. The order profiles of the two systems, however, were of the same form, implying that the same essential packing requirements applied to each case. The overall increase in dynamic disorder observed in the glycerol system is a result of a transversely more disordered bilayer/solvent interface. © 1987, American Chemical Society. All rights reserved
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