INCIDENCIA PARA NAUSEA Y VÓMITO POSOPERATORIO EN PACIENTES DEL CENTRO MÉDICO ISSEMYM TOLUCA.

La náusea y vomito posoperatorio, es una complicación común y angustiante para los pacientes, siendo tan relevante que se reporta una incidencia de vomito hasta en un 30%, mientras que un 50% de los pacientes reportan presentar nausea, en cuento a los pacientes clasificados de alto riesgo se presenta hasta en un 80%. En general existen muchos estímulos periféricos y centrales que pueden desencadenar náuseas y vómito, los cuales no se integran en un solo núcleo sino que son varios los núcleos cerebrales implicados, destacando el núcleo del tracto solitario y núcleos en la formación reticular, en conjunto se les ha denominado centro del vomito. La escala desarrollada por Apfel ha sido una de las más empleadas por su alta eficacia y facilidad de empleo; en ella se incluyen factores que otorgan una porcentaje de riesgo por cada punto que se presenta para manifestar nausea y vomito posoperatorio, en esta se incluyen: 11. Sexo femenino. 12. Historia positiva de NVPO previa o cinetosis. 13. Historia de NO ser fumador. 14. Uso de opioides posoperatorios.UAEM, el autor

Effects of the Non-Nutritive Sweeteners on Glucose Metabolism and Appetite Regulating Hormones: Systematic Review of Observational Prospective Studies and Clinical Trials

<div><p>Background</p><p>The effects of non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) on glucose metabolism and appetite regulating hormones are not clear. There is an ongoing debate concerning NNS use and deleterious changes in metabolism.</p><p>Objectives</p><p>The aim of this review is to analyze the scientific available evidence regarding the effects of NNS on glucose metabolism and appetite regulating hormones.</p><p>Data Sources and Study Eligibility Criteria</p><p>We identified human observational studies evaluating the relation between NNS consumption and obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome, in addition to clinical trials evaluating the effects of NNS in glucose metabolism and appetite regulating hormones.</p><p>Results</p><p>Fourteen observational studies evaluating the association between NNS consumption and the development of metabolic diseases and twenty-eight clinical trials studying the effects of NNS on metabolism were included. Finally, two meta-analyses evaluating the association between the consumption of NNS-containing beverages and the development of type 2 diabetes were identified.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Some observational studies suggest an association between NNS consumption and development of metabolic diseases; however, adiposity is a confounder frequently found in observational studies. The effects of the NNS on glucose metabolism are not clear. The results of the identified clinical trials are contradictory and are not comparable because of the major existing differences between them. Studies evaluating specific NNS, with an adequate sample size, including a homogeneous study group, identifying significant comorbidities, with an appropriate control group, with an appropriate exposure time, and considering adjustment for confounder variables such as adiposity are needed.</p></div

Crude and adjusted associations between the consumption of artificially sweetened beverages and the development of metabolic diseases in observational prospective studies.

<p>Crude and adjusted associations between the consumption of artificially sweetened beverages and the development of metabolic diseases in observational prospective studies.</p

Clinical trials evaluating the effect of non-nutritive sweeteners consumption on glucose metabolism and appetite regulating hormones.

<p>Clinical trials evaluating the effect of non-nutritive sweeteners consumption on glucose metabolism and appetite regulating hormones.</p

Flow diagram of the systematic search.

<p>Flow diagram of the systematic search.</p

Summary of the studied variables, non-nutritive sweetener used, study methodology and findings of the clinical trials evaluated in Table 3.

<p>Summary of the studied variables, non-nutritive sweetener used, study methodology and findings of the clinical trials evaluated in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0161264#pone.0161264.t003" target="_blank">Table 3</a>.</p