Prevalence Data

Prevalence of Bd in tungara frog populations in Panama from 2009 to 2014 in Panama in tungara frogs (z.e.= zoospore equivalents

<i>Bd</i> prevalence and infection intensity per site and year in Túngara frog (<i>Physalaemus [Engystomops] pustulosus</i>) populations sampled in this study (n = number of individuals sampled; Positive = number of individuals detected positive for <i>Bd</i>; 95% CI = 95% binomial distribution confidence intervals; Average intensity = average of number of zoospore equivalents in infected frogs per population).

<p>Sites are arranged west to east by longitude.</p

Capuchin Detection History

This data set includes capuchin detection data binned on a two-week interval from the HCKBA. This was used for detection and presence modeling </p

Spatiotemporal Survey of Chytrid in Brazilian Atlantic Forest

Data from: Long-term endemism of two highly divergent lineages of the amphibian-killing fungus in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil Authors: Rodriguez, David, Becker, Carlos, Pupin, Nadya, Haddad, Célio, Zamudio, Kelly Journal: Molecular Ecology Submitted: 2013 File type: Exce

Howler Occupancy Data

This data set includes howler detection data binned on a two-week interval from the HCKBA. This was used for detection and occupancy modeling </p

Data Sets for Activity Modeling

These data sets include the time of detection for each primate species in the study and the conversion to radian times to model activity patterns in the rainy vs. dry season.</p

Database-Bd-Amazon

Database including geographic coordinates and pathogen infection status of Leptodactylus species collected during the last century in the Amazon forest

HMP-1 maintains the junction mechanical integrity whereas VAB-9 anchors actin bundles at seam-dorsal/ventral junctions.

<p>(A-P) Time-lapse sequence of embryos carrying the CRISPR construct HMR-1::GFP (green) and an integrated actin reporter (ABD::mCherry, magenta) in control (A-D), <i>vab-9(e1744)</i> (E-H), <i>hmp-1(zu278)</i> (I-L) and <i>hmp-1(zu278); vab-9(e1744)</i> (M-P) embryos. (A’-P’) Close-up images of the dashed rectangle in (A-P). (A”-P”) Single channel HMR-1::GFP of images (A’-P’). Arrows show the extension of HMR-1::GFP at seam-dorsal junctions in the dorsal direction; arrowheads show spots of HMR-1::GFP in the dorsal epidermal cell cytoplasm, some of which are still connected to where the bulk of the junctions through thin HMR-1-labelled extensions. Note the change of the V4 cell shape in late <i>hmp-1(zu278)</i> embryos compared to earlier stage (blue shading, K-L, O-P). Scale bar, 5 μm.</p

Disease Risk in Temperate Amphibian Populations Is Higher at Closed-Canopy Sites

<div><p>Habitat loss and chytridiomycosis (a disease caused by the chytrid fungus <em>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</em> - <em>Bd</em>) are major drivers of amphibian declines worldwide. Habitat loss regulates host-pathogen interactions by altering biotic and abiotic factors directly linked to both host and pathogen fitness. Therefore, studies investigating the links between natural vegetation and chytridiomycosis require integrative approaches to control for the multitude of possible interactions of biological and environmental variables in spatial epidemiology. In this study, we quantified <em>Bd</em> infection dynamics across a gradient of natural vegetation and microclimates, looking for causal associations between vegetation cover, multiple microclimatic variables, and pathogen prevalence and infection intensity. To minimize the effects of host diversity in our analyses, we sampled amphibian populations in the Adirondack Mountains of New York State, a region with relatively high single-host dominance. We sampled permanent ponds for anurans, focusing on populations of the habitat generalist frog <em>Lithobates clamitans</em>, and recorded various biotic and abiotic factors that potentially affect host-pathogen interactions: natural vegetation, canopy density, water temperature, and host population and community attributes. We screened for important explanatory variables of <em>Bd</em> infections and used path analyses to statistically test for the strength of cascading effects linking vegetation cover, microclimate, and <em>Bd</em> parameters. We found that canopy density, natural vegetation, and daily average water temperature were the best predictors of <em>Bd</em>. High canopy density resulted in lower water temperature, which in turn predicted higher <em>Bd</em> prevalence and infection intensity. Our results confirm that microclimatic shifts arising from changes in natural vegetation play an important role in <em>Bd</em> spatial epidemiology, with areas of closed canopy favoring <em>Bd</em>. Given increasing rates of anthropogenic habitat modification and the resulting declines in temperate and tropical frogs, understanding how vegetation cover and disease interact is critical for predicting <em>Bd</em> spread and developing appropriate management tools for wild populations.</p> </div

Two distinct phases of junction remodelling.

<p>(A-A’) Seam cell adherens junctions of an early (A) and late elongation (A’) <i>C</i>. <i>elegans</i> embryo marked by the CRISPR HMR-1/E-cadherin GFP-fusion reporter. Seam cells are shaded in yellow. Yellow lines show approximately the embryo contour. Note that in A’, the embryo is like a tube folded within the eggshell, only 5 μm on top of the embryo was projected and the five first seam cells are visible. Scale bar, 5 μm. (A”) Schematic representation of seam (magenta) and dorsal-ventral epidermis (green) based on the embryo in (A). The position of the seam cells from H0 to V3 is shown; anterior to the left, dorsal up. A, P, D and V represent the anterior, posterior, dorsal and ventral junctions of the cell examined. (B) Measurements of seam cell perimeter showing slight changes up to the 2-fold stage (around 80–90 μm in embryo length) then a clear increase after this stage. Curves are quadratic fit to show the variation trend. (C) Length measurements of V1 and V2 dorsal (D) and ventral (V) junctions showing a linear increase in dorso-ventral junction length. Solid lines show linear fit. (D) Length measurements of seam-seam junctions showing a variable decrease rate until they all reach a similar junction length at the 2-fold stage. The seam-seam junction length decreased only slightly beyond that stage. Curves are single exponential decay fit to show the variation trend. (E) Scheme showing two phases of seam cell shape changes: with a constant perimeter from lima-bean to 2-fold, then an increasing perimeter due to elongation of only dorso-ventral junctions in the antero-posterior axis.</p