5 research outputs found

    THE LAW OF WORDS: STANDING, ENVIRONMENT, AND OTHER CONTESTED TERMS

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    Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services (TOC), Inc., 528 U.S. 167 (2000), exposes fundamental incoherencies within environmental standing doctrine, even while it ostensibly makes standing easier to prove for plaintiffs in environmental citizen suits. According to Laidlaw, an environmental plaintiff needs only to show personal injury to satisfy Article ill’s standing requirement; she need not show that the alleged statutory violation actually harms the environment. This Article argues that Laidlaw’s distinbtion between injury to the plaintiff and harm to the environment is nonsensical. Both the majority and dissent in Laidlaw incorrectly assume that there exists an objective standard by which a plaintiff, society or a court can measure harm or injury. Using examples drawn both from history (the 7) aiI Smelter. Arbitration (1930-41)) and fiction (Barbara Klngsolver’s novel Animal Dreams), this Article illustrates that the inherent contingency of language renders it impossible to define harm or injury without acknowledging the systemic perspective from which the concepts are viewed. The path to an intelligible standing doctrine lies not in focusing on this artificial opposition, but instead in acknowledging statutory violations as injurious to the social and legal system of which we all form a part. Assuming the violated statute contains a citizen suit provision, the resulting harm to the system could and should enable individuals to sue. This policy would conform the Court’s standing jurisprudence to the language and intent of the statutes before Ii. Moreover, this policy would counter the undermining of the rhetoric of environmental protection that persists so long as the Supreme Court continues its frequent yet unsucceesfid efforts to retool its definition of cognizable legal injury

    FOREWORD

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    SACRIFÍCIO DE ANIMAIS E A PRIMEIRA EMENDA: O caso da Igreja Lukumi/ Babalu Aye Animal sacrifice and the first amendment: The case of Lukumi Babalu Aye

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    O autor trata da controvérsia entre a liberdade religiosa e o sacrifício de animais nos Estados Unidos,  enfrentando algumas perguntas não respondidas, tais como saber se o abate ritualístico de animais constitui uma forma de expressão religiosa protegida pela Primeira Emenda. Ao identificar as inconsistências do julgamento da Suprema Corte americana no caso Lukumi Babalu Aye  vs. Câmara Municipal de Hieleah, Flórida, a partir da análise votos concorrentes, o autor procura demonstrar a dificuldade em se estabelecer uma regra geral nos julgamentos  da  Suprema Corte dos EUA em questões relacionadas com a liberdade religiosa, tendo em vista a tensão entre os fundamentos utilizados em diferentes casos submetidos à Corte. Em seguida, o autor analisa os parâmetros do controle rigoroso de constitucionalidade exigidos sempre que uma norma restringir direitos fundamentais, especialmente os requisitos da elaboração específica, da aplicabilidade geral e do interesse público relevante dessas normas. Por fim, o autor procura identificar se os direitos dos animais poderiam ser utilizados como fundamento para a proibição do abate animal para fins religiosos

    Teoria da Constituiiio: Direito Animal e PPs-Humanismo (Constitutional Theory: Animal Law and Post-Humanism)

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    Literatur

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