Tree-oriented interactive processing with an application to theorem-proving, appendix E

The concept of unstructured structure editing and ted, an editor for unstructured trees, is described. Ted is used to manipulate hierarchies of information in an unrestricted manner. The tool was implemented and applied to the problem of organizing formal proofs. As a proof management tool, it maintains the validity of a proof and its constituent lemmas independently from the methods used to validate the proof. It includes an adaptable interface which may be used to invoke theorem provers and other aids to proof construction. Using ted, a user may construct, maintain, and verify formal proofs using a variety of theorem provers, proof checkers, and formatters

Cell cycle length, cell size, and proliferation rate in hydra stem cells

We have analyzed the cell cycle parameters of interstitial cells in Hydra oligactis. Three subpopulations of cells with short, medium, and long cell cycles were identified. Short-cycle cells are stem cells; medium-cycle cells are precursors to nematocyte differentiation; long-cycle cells are precursors to gamete differentiation. We have also determined the effect of different cell densities on the population doubling time, cell cycle length, and cell size of interstitial cells. Our results indicate that decreasing the interstitial cell density from 0.35 to 0.1 interstitial cells/epithelial cell (1) shortens the population doubling time from 4 to 1.8 days, (2) increases the [3H]thymidine labeling index from 0.5 to 0.75 and shifts the nuclear DNA distribution from G2 to S phase cells, and (3) decreases the length of G2 in stem cells from 6 to 3 hr. The shortened cell cycle is correlated with a significant decrease in the size of interstitial stem cells. Coincident with the shortened cell cycle and increased growth rate there is an increase in stem cell self-renewal and a decrease in stem cell differentiation

Meteor light curves: the relevant parameters

We investigate a uniform sample of 113 light curves (LCs) of meteors collected at the Wise Observatory in November 2002 while observing the Leonid meteor shower. We use previously defined descriptors such as the skewness F and a recently defined pointedness parameter along with a number of other measurable or derived quantities to explore the parameter space in search of meaningful LC descriptors. We make extensive use of statistical techniques to reveal links among the variables and to understand their relative importance. In particular, we show that meteors with long-duration trails rise slowly to their maximal brightness and also decay slowly from there while showing milder flaring than other meteors. Early skewed LCs show a fast rise to the peak. We show that the duration of te luminous phase of the meteor is th emost important variable differentiating among the 2002 LCs. The skewness parameter F appears only as the 2nd or 3rd in explaining the LC variance. We suggest that the pointedness parameter P could possibly be useful to discriminate among meteors from different showers, or to compare observations and model predictions.Comment: 10 pages (2 figures) in press with MNRA

Vittatispora, a New Melanosporaceous Genus From Indian Soil

Vittatispora coorgii gen. sp. nov., isolated from soil in India, is described and illustrated. The fungus has morphological characteristics of the genera Melanospora, Sphaerodes and Syspastospora. The most striking feature is the presence of a thick hyaline ridge along the vertical axis of the lemonshaped ascospores wall. Perithecia also have a long neck composed of adhering hyphae, similar to that of Syspatospora. Phylogenetic studies on the 28S rDNA indicate it is closely related to Melanospora and Sphaerodes and belongs in the Ceratostomataceae. The new genus is based on the distinctive morphology and phylogenetic analyses. The fungus grew in culture only conjointly with a sterile fungus which a BLAST analysis suggested was close to Tetracladium marchalianum

Triviality and the (Supersymmetric) See-Saw

For the D=5 Majorana neutrino mass operator to have a see-saw ultraviolet completion that is viable up to the Planck scale, the see-saw scale is bounded above due to triviality limits on the see-saw couplings. For supersymmetric see-saw models, with realistic neutrino mass textures, we compare constraints on the see-saw scale from triviality bounds, with those arising from experimental limits on induced charged-lepton flavour violation, for both the CMSSM and for models with split supersymmetry.Comment: 27 pages, 7 figures, references adde

Anomalous Variability in Antarctic Sea Ice Extents During the 1960s With the Use of Nimbus Data

The Nimbus I, II, and III satellites provide a new opportunity for climate studies in the 1960s. The rescue of the visible and infrared imager data resulted in the utilization of the early Nimbus data to determine sea ice extent. A qualitative analysis of the early NASA Nimbus missions has revealed Antarctic sea ice extents that are significant larger and smaller than the historic 1979-2012 passive microwave record. The September 1964 ice mean area is 19.7x10(exp 6) sq. km +/- 0.3x10(exp 6) sq. km. This is more the 250,000 sq. km greater than the 19.44x10(exp 6) sq. km seen in the new 2012 historic maximum. However, in August 1966 the maximum sea ice extent fell to 15.9x10(exp 6) sq. km +/- 0.3x10(exp 6) sq. km. This is more than 1.5x10(exp 6) sq. km below the passive microwave record of 17.5x10(exp 6) sq. km set in September of 1986. This variation between 1964 and 1966 represents a change of maximum sea ice of over 3x10(exp 6) sq. km in just two years. These inter-annual variations while large, are small when compared to the Antarctic seasonal cycle

Anomalous Variability in Antarctic Sea Ice Extents During the 1960s With the Use of Nimbus Data

The Nimbus I, II, and III satellites provide a new opportunity for climate studies in the 1960s. The rescue of the visible and infrared imager data resulted in the utilization of the early Nimbus data to determine sea ice extent. A qualitative analysis of the early NASA Nimbus missions has revealed Antarctic sea ice extents that are signicant larger and smaller than the historic 1979-2012 passive microwave record. The September 1964 ice mean area is 19.7x10 km +/- 0.3x10 km. This is more the 250,000 km greater than the 19.44x10 km seen in the new 2012 historic maximum. However, in August 1966 the maximum sea ice extent fell to 15.9x10 km +/- 0.3x10 km. This is more than 1.5x10 km below the passive microwave record of 17.5x10 km set in September of 1986. This variation between 1964 and 1966 represents a change of maximum sea ice of over 3x10 km in just two years. These inter-annual variations while large, are small when compared to the Antarctic seasonal cycle