13,633 research outputs found
Highly Deformable Graphene Kirigami
Graphene's exceptional mechanical properties, including its highest-known
stiffness (1 TPa) and strength (100 GPa) have been exploited for various
structural applications. However, graphene is also known to be quite brittle,
with experimentally-measured tensile fracture strains that do not exceed a few
percent. In this work, we introduce the notion of graphene kirigami, where
concepts that have been used almost exclusively for macroscale structures are
applied to dramatically enhance the stretchability of both zigzag and armchair
graphene. Specifically, we show using classical molecular dynamics simulations
that the yield and fracture strains of graphene can be enhanced by about a
factor of three using kirigami as compared to standard monolayer graphene. This
enhanced ductility in graphene should open up interesting opportunities not
only mechanically, but also in coupling to graphene's electronic behavior.Comment: 5 pages, 7 figure
Highly Stretchable MoS Kirigami
We report the results of classical molecular dynamics simulations focused on
studying the mechanical properties of MoS kirigami. Several different
kirigami structures were studied based upon two simple non-dimensional
parameters, which are related to the density of cuts, as well as the ratio of
the overlapping cut length to the nanoribbon length. Our key finding is
significant enhancements in tensile yield (by a factor of four) and fracture
strains (by a factor of six) as compared to pristine MoS nanoribbons.
These results in conjunction with recent results on graphene suggest that the
kirigami approach may be a generally useful one for enhancing the ductility of
two-dimensional nanomaterials
Polarization and valley switching in monolayer group-IV monochalcogenides
Group-IV monochalcogenides are a family of two-dimensional puckered materials
with an orthorhombic structure that is comprised of polar layers. In this
article, we use first principles calculations to show the multistability of
monolayer SnS and GeSe, two prototype materials where the direction of the
puckering can be switched by application of tensile stress or electric field.
Furthermore, the two inequivalent valleys in momentum space, which are dictated
by the puckering orientation, can be excited selectively using linearly
polarized light, and this provides an additional tool to identify the
polarization direction. Our findings suggest that SnS and GeSe monolayers may
have observable ferroelectricity and multistability, with potential
applications in information storage
Erratum Re: “Coping With Racism: Moderators of the Discrimination—Distress Link Among Mexican-Origin Adolescents”
The publisher's final edited version of this article is available at Child Dev
This corrects the article "Coping With Racism: Moderators of the Discrimination—Adjustment Link Among Mexican-Origin Adolescents" in Child Dev, volume 89 on page e293
Accelerated search and design of stretchable graphene kirigami using machine learning
Making kirigami-inspired cuts into a sheet has been shown to be an effective way of designing stretchable materials with metamorphic properties where the 2D shape can transform into complex 3D shapes. However, finding the optimal solutions is not straightforward as the number of possible cutting patterns grows exponentially with system size. Here, we report on how machine learning (ML) can be used to approximate the target properties, such as yield stress and yield strain, as a function of cutting pattern. Our approach enables the rapid discovery of kirigami designs that yield extreme stretchability as verified by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. We find that convolutional neural networks, commonly used for classification in vision tasks, can be applied for regression to achieve an accuracy close to the precision of the MD simulations. This approach can then be used to search for optimal designs that maximize elastic stretchability with only 1000 training samples in a large design space of ∼4×106 candidate designs. This example demonstrates the power and potential of ML in finding optimal kirigami designs at a fraction of iterations that would be required of a purely MD or experiment-based approach, where no prior knowledge of the governing physics is known or available.P. Z. H. developed the codes, performed the simulations and data analysis, and wrote the manuscript with input from all authors. P. Z. H. and E. D. C. developed the machine learning methods. P. Z. H., D. K. C. and H. S. P. acknowledge the Hariri Institute Research Incubation Grant No. 2018-02-002 and the Boston University High Performance Shared Computing Cluster. P. Z. H. is grateful for the Hariri Graduate Fellowship. P. Z. H. thank Grace Gu and Adrian Yi for helpful discussions. (2018-02-002 - Hariri Graduate Fellowship)Published versio
Multimodality imaging in vivo for preclinical assessment of tumor-targeted doxorubicin nanoparticles.
This study presents a new multimodal imaging approach that includes high-frequency ultrasound, fluorescence intensity, confocal, and spectral imaging to improve the preclinical evaluation of new therapeutics in vivo. Here we use this approach to assess in vivo the therapeutic efficacy of the novel chemotherapy construct, HerDox during and after treatment. HerDox is comprised of doxorubicin non-covalently assembled in a viral-like particle targeted to HER2+ tumor cells, causing tumor cell death at over 10-fold lower dose compared to the untargeted drug, while sparing the heart. Whereas our initial proof-of-principle studies on HerDox used tumor growth/shrinkage rates as a measure of therapeutic efficacy, here we show that multimodal imaging deployed during and after treatment can supplement traditional modes of tumor monitoring to further characterize the particle in tissues of treated mice. Specifically, we show here that tumor cell apoptosis elicited by HerDox can be monitored in vivo during treatment using high frequency ultrasound imaging, while in situ confocal imaging of excised tumors shows that HerDox indeed penetrated tumor tissue and can be detected at the subcellular level, including in the nucleus, via Dox fluorescence. In addition, ratiometric spectral imaging of the same tumor tissue enables quantitative discrimination of HerDox fluorescence from autofluorescence in situ. In contrast to standard approaches of preclinical assessment, this new method provides multiple/complementary information that may shorten the time required for initial evaluation of in vivo efficacy, thus potentially reducing the time and cost for translating new drug molecules into the clinic
Graphene kirigami as a platform for stretchable and tunable quantum dot arrays
The quantum transport properties of a graphene kirigami similar to those
studied in recent experiments are calculated in the regime of elastic,
reversible deformations. Our results show that, at low electronic densities,
the conductance profile of such structures replicates that of a system of
coupled quantum dots, characterized by a sequence of minibands and stop-gaps.
The conductance and I-V curves have different characteristics in the distinct
stages of elastic deformation that characterize the elongation of these
structures. Notably, the effective coupling between localized states is
strongly reduced in the small elongation stage, whereas in the large elongation
regime the development of strong, localized pseudomagnetic field barriers can
reinforce the coupling and reestablish resonant tunneling across the kirigami.
This provides an interesting example of interplay between geometry and
pseudomagnetic field-induced confinement. The alternating miniband and
stop-gaps in the transmission lead to I-V characteristics with negative
differential conductance in well defined energy/doping ranges. These effects
should be stable in a realistic scenario that includes edge roughness and
Coulomb interactions, as these are expected to further promote localization of
states at low energies in narrow segments of graphene nanostructures.Comment: 10 pages, 10 figure
Strain-induced gauge and Rashba fields in ferroelectric Rashba lead chalcogenide PbX monolayers (X = S, Se, Te)
One of the exciting features of two-dimensional (2D) materials is their
electronic and optical tunability through strain engineering. Previously, we
found a class of 2D ferroelectric Rashba semiconductors PbX (X = S, Se, Te)
with tunable spin-orbital properties. In this work, based on our previous
tight-binding (TB) results, we derive an effective low-energy Hamiltonian
around the symmetry points that captures the effects of strain on the
electronic properties of PbX. We find that strains induce gauge fields which
shift the Rashba point and modify the Rashba parameter. This effect is
equivalent to the application of in-plane magnetic fields. The out-of-plane
strain, which is proportional to the electric polarization, is also shown to
modify the Rashba parameter. Overall, our theory connects strain and spin
splitting in ferroelectric Rashba materials, which will be important to
understand the strain-induced variations in local Rashba parameters that will
occur in practical applications
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