Thermal regime and spatial variability of the active layer in Deception Island, Antarctica

El programa de monitoreo de capa activa (CALM) fue desarrollado en las últimas décadas con la finalidad de comprender el impacto del cambio climático sobre los ambientes con permafrost. Este trabajo analiza los resultados obtenidos, en los últimos seis años, de los sitios CALM-S Irizar, Cráter Lake y Refugio Chileno, ubicados en Isla Decepción. En ellos se ha medido el espesor, el estado térmico y la distribución espacial de la capa activa. En los sitios Irizar y Refugio Chileno la evolución del espesor de capa activa varió interanualmente sin una clara tendencia dentro del corto período analizado; por el contrario, el sitio Cráter Lake evidenció una tendencia a la disminución de espesor. La distribución espacial como el espesor de dicha capa en los tres sitios de monitoreo, mostraron estar condicionados principalmente por la potencia de la cubierta de nieve, la litología y la exposición a los vientos. El relieve, la topografía de detalle, la orientación de las laderas frente a la radiación solar incidente, ejercieron un control menor sobre esta distribución. El estado térmico de la capa activa evidenció el control ejercido sobre ella de la temperatura del aire y de la cubierta nival. Así bajo reducidos espesores de nieve, el modelo de penetración en profundidad de la isoterma de 0 ºC, ha permitido aproximar satisfactoriamente el espesor de capa activa.The Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring (CALM) program developed over the last two decades has a leading edge in comprehensive efforts to study the impacts of climate change in permafrost environments. This paper describes results obtained during the last six years, on the active layer thickness, thermal regime and spatial patterns of thaw, at the CALM-S Irizar, Crater Lake and Refugio Chileno sites in Deception Island. In Irizar and Refugio Chileno CALM-S sites the active layer depth varied interannually without any clear trend over the short record available. By contrast, Crater Lake CALM-S showed a slight thinning trend. In all sites, the spatial patterns of thaw and active layer thickness were mainly controlled by snow cover conditions, lithology and the effect of aspect on wind. The relief, the detailed topography and the effect of aspect on solar radiation also exert a local control over its patterns. Air temperature and snow cover controlled the thermal state of active layer. In absence of snow, the use of depth penetration model of the 0 ºC isotherm allowed approximated satisfactorily active layer thickness.Fil: Goyanes, Gabriel Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber"; ArgentinaFil: Vieira, Gonçalo. Universidad de Lisboa; PortugalFil: Caselli, Alberto Tomás. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Mora, Carla. Universidad de Lisboa; PortugalFil: Ramos, Miguel Esteban. Universidad de Alcalá; España. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: de Pablo, Miguel Angel. Universidad de Alcalá; EspañaFil: Neves, Mario. Universidad de Lisboa; PortugalFil: Santos, Fernando. Universidad de Lisboa; PortugalFil: Bernardo, Ivo. Universidad de Lisboa; PortugalFil: Gilichinsky, David. Academia Rusa de Ciencias; RusiaFil: Abramov, Andrey. Academia Rusa de Ciencias; RusiaFil: Batista, Vanessa. Universidad de Lisboa; PortugalFil: Melo, Raquel. Universidad de Lisboa; PortugalFil: Nieuwendam, Alexandre. Universidad de Lisboa; PortugalFil: Ferreira, Alice. Universidad de Lisboa; PortugalFil: Oliva, Marc. Universidad de Lisboa; Portuga

Biodiversity of cryopegs in permafrost

Abstract This study describes the biodiversity of the indigenous microbial community in the sodium-chloride water brines (cryopegs) derived from ancient marine sediments and sandwiched within permafrost 100-120,000 years ago after the Arctic Ocean regression. Cryopegs remain liquid at the in situ temperature of À9 to À11°C and make up the only habitat on the Earth that is characterized by permanently subzero temperatures, high salinity, and the absence of external influence during geological time. From these cryopegs, anaerobic and aerobic, spore-less and spore-forming, halotolerant and halophilic, psychrophilic and psychrotrophic bacteria, mycelial fungi and yeast were isolated and their activity was detected below 0°C

Régimen térmico y variabilidad espacial de la capa activa en Isla Decepcion, Antártida

El programa de monitoreo de capa activa (CALM) fue desarrollado en las últimas décadas con la finalidad de comprender el impacto del cambio climático sobre los ambientes con permafrost. Este trabajo analiza los resultados obtenidos, en los últimos seis años, de los sitios CALM-S Irizar, Cráter Lake y Refugio Chileno, ubicados en Isla Decepción. En ellos se ha medido el espesor, el estado térmico y la distribución espacial de la capa activa. En los sitios Irizar y Refugio Chileno la evolución del espesor de capa activa varió interanualmente sin una clara tendencia dentro del corto período analizado; por el contrario, el sitio Cráter Lake evidenció una tendencia a la disminución de espesor. La distribución espacial como el espesor de dicha capa en los tres sitios de monitoreo, mostraron estar condicionados principalmente por la potencia de la cubierta de nieve, la litología y la exposición a los vientos. El relieve, la topografía de detalle, la orientación de las laderas frente a la radiación solar incidente, ejercieron un control menor sobre esta distribución. El estado térmico de la capa activa evidenció el control ejercido sobre ella de la temperatura del aire y de la cubierta nival. Así bajo reducidos espesores de nieve, el modelo de penetración en profundidad de la isoterma de 0 ºC, ha permitido aproximar satisfactoriamente el espesor de capa activa.Thermal regime and spatial variability of the active layer in Deception Island, Antarctica The Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring (CALM) program developed over the last two decades has a leading edge in comprehensive efforts to study the impacts of climate change in permafrost environments. This paper describes results obtained during the last six years, on the active layer thickness, thermal regime and spatial patterns of thaw, at the CALM-S Irizar, Crater Lake and Refugio Chileno sites in Deception Island. In Irizar and Refugio Chileno CALM-S sites the active layer depth varied interannually without any clear trend over the short record available. By contrast, Crater Lake CALM-S showed a slight thinning trend. In all sites, the spatial patterns of thaw and active layer thickness were mainly controlled by snow cover conditions, lithology and the effect of aspect on wind. The relief, the detailed topography and the effect of aspect on solar radiation also exert a local control over its patterns. Air temperature and snow cover controlled the thermal state of active layer. In absence of snow, the use of depth penetration model of the 0 ºC isotherm allowed approximated satisfactorily active layer thickness.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN A PERMAFROST SEDIMENT CORE SAMPLE FROM NORTHEAST SIBERIA, RUSSIA

We studied total organic carbon (TOC), hydrocarbons and fatty acids in a permafrost sediment core sample (well 6-90,length 32.0m, 1.5-2.5Ma BP) from northeast Siberia (approximately 70°N, 158°E), Russia, to elucidate their geochemical features in relation to source organisms and paleoenvironmental conditions. Long-chain n-alkanes and n-alkanoic acids (>C_) were most predominant hydrocarbons and fatty acids, respectively, so organic matter in the sediment core was derived mainly from vascular plants and, to a much smaller extent, from bacteria. Low concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids revealed that organic matter in the sediment core was considerably degraded during and/or after sedimentation. The predominance of vascular plant components, the major ionic components of nonmarine sources, and geological data strongly implied that the sediment layers were formed in shallow lacustrine environments, such as swamp with large influences of tundra or forest-tundra vegetation. Also, no drastic changes in paleoenvironmental conditions for biological activity or geological events, such as sea transgressions or ice-sheet influences, occurred at the sampling site approximately 100km from the coast of the East Siberian Sea during the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene periods

Growth of <i>Carnobacterium</i> spp. from permafrost under low pressure, temperature, and anoxic atmosphere has implications for Earth microbes on Mars

The ability of terrestrial microorganisms to grow in the near-surface environment of Mars is of importance to the search for life and protection of that planet from forward contamination by human and robotic exploration. Because most water on present-day Mars is frozen in the regolith, permafrosts are considered to be terrestrial analogs of the martian subsurface environment. Six bacterial isolates were obtained from a permafrost borehole in northeastern Siberia capable of growth under conditions of low temperature (0 °C), low pressure (7 mbar), and a CO 2 -enriched anoxic atmosphere. By 16S ribosomal DNA analysis, all six permafrost isolates were identified as species of the genus Carnobacterium , most closely related to C. inhibens (five isolates) and C. viridans (one isolate). Quantitative growth assays demonstrated that the six permafrost isolates, as well as nine type species of Carnobacterium ( C. alterfunditum , C. divergens , C. funditum , C. gallinarum , C. inhibens , C. maltaromaticum , C. mobile , C. pleistocenium , and C. viridans ) were all capable of growth under cold, low-pressure, anoxic conditions, thus extending the low-pressure extreme at which life can function. </jats:p