123 research outputs found

    Humanitarian Sanctions? The Moral and Political Issues

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    Humanitarian Sanctions? The Moral and Political Issues

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    Winning Without War: Human Security Strategies for the 21st Century

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    The Ohio State University Mershon Center for International Security StudiesThe principles of nonviolence and human security offer realistic options for addressing contemporary security challenges and are superior to "old war" strategies for enhancing peace and promoting international cooperation. These principles are illustrated in an assessment of policy challenges and solutions in Iran, Afghanistan and the broader Middle East.Mershon Center for International Security StudiesEvent Web Page, Streaming Video, Event Photo

    Mitochondrial Hâ‚‚Oâ‚‚ emission and cellular redox state link excess fat intake to insulin resistance in both rodents and humans

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    High dietary fat intake leads to insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, and this represents a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress have been implicated in the disease process, but the underlying mechanisms are still unknown. Here we show that in skeletal muscle of both rodents and humans, a diet high in fat increases the Hâ‚‚Oâ‚‚-emitting potential of mitochondria, shifts the cellular redox environment to a more oxidized state, and decreases the redox-buffering capacity in the absence of any change in mitochondrial respiratory function. Furthermore, we show that attenuating mitochondrial Hâ‚‚Oâ‚‚ emission, either by treating rats with a mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant or by genetically engineering the overexpression of catalase in mitochondria of muscle in mice, completely preserves insulin sensitivity despite a high-fat diet. These findings place the etiology of insulin resistance in the context of mitochondrial bioenergetics by demonstrating that mitochondrial Hâ‚‚Oâ‚‚ emission serves as both a gauge of energy balance and a regulator of cellular redox environment, linking intracellular metabolic balance to the control of insulin sensitivity. Original version available at http://www.jci.org/articles/view/3704
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