135 research outputs found
The Welfare Impacts of Commodity Price Fluctuations: Evidence from Rural Ethiopia
Many governments try to stabilize commodity prices based on the widespread belief that households value price stability and that the poor especially benefit from food price stabilization. We derive an exact measure of multivariate price risk aversion and of associated household willingness to pay for price stabilization across multiple commodities. Using data from a panel of Ethiopian households, we estimate that the average household would be willing to pay 6-32 percent of its income to eliminate fluctuations in the prices of the seven primary food commodities. But not everyone benefits from price stabilization. Contrary to conventional wisdom, the welfare gains from eliminating price fluctuations would be concentrated in the upper 40 percent of the income distribution, making food price stabilization a distributionally regressive policy in this context.Price Fluctuations; Price Stabilization; Price Risk; Risk and Uncertainty
Traitement physiothérapeutique des dysfonctions temporomandibulaires: revue de la littérature : travail de Bachelor
Introduction : La dysfonction temporomandibulaire (DTM) peut avoir dâimportantes rĂ©percussions sur les limitations dâactivitĂ©s et ainsi sur la qualitĂ© de vie. La physiothĂ©rapie vise Ă diminuer ou Ă©liminer ces limitations dans le but de restituer la fonctionnalitĂ© de lâarticulation et des structures avoisinantes. La combinaison de thĂ©rapie manuelle et dâune auto-prise en charge, est un axe de la prise en charge physiothĂ©rapeutique qui tend Ă allier les bienfaits des deux traitements. Objectif : Observer lâeffet de la combinaison de techniques de thĂ©rapie manuelle et dâune auto-prise en charge par rapport Ă une prise en charge en thĂ©rapie manuelle seule ou en auto-prise en charge seule, chez des patients souffrant de DTM. MĂ©thode : Les recherches ont Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©es sur les bases de donnĂ©es PubMed, PEDro et Cochrane. Les revues systĂ©matiques et les essais randomisĂ©s contrĂŽlĂ©s rĂ©pondant Ă lâobjectif de recherche ci-dessus ont Ă©tĂ© considĂ©rĂ©s. Les articles antĂ©rieurs Ă la derniĂšre revue systĂ©matique disponible (de 2006) ont Ă©tĂ© exclus. RĂ©sultats : Les deux RCT retenues ne montrent pas de bĂ©nĂ©fices pour la combinaison de traitement sur la douleur au repos Ă court terme par rapport aux traitements administrĂ©s sĂ©parĂ©ment. Les rĂ©sultats concernant lâamplitude dâouverture de la bouche sont plus mitigĂ©s. Les deux Ă©tudes sâaccordent sur le fait que lâintervention (en thĂ©rapie manuelle seule, en auto-prise en charge seule ou en combinaison de ces traitements) est supĂ©rieure Ă lâamĂ©lioration spontanĂ©e (pas de traitement). Conclusion : La combinaison de techniques de thĂ©rapie manuelle et lâauto-prise en charge ne semble pas apporter de plus-value au traitement Ă court terme. Cependant, cette approche pourrait avoir un intĂ©rĂȘt sur le moyen-long terme. De futures recherches sont nĂ©cessaires pour dĂ©finir quelles techniques de thĂ©rapie manuelle et quels types dâauto-prise en charge sont les plus appropriĂ©s. Il est Ă©galement nĂ©cessaire que ces Ă©tudes suivent des protocoles spĂ©cifiques et dĂ©taillĂ©s afin que la comparaison soit possible et pertinente entre les Ă©tudes
Ăvolution des habitudes de vie et de l'Ă©tat de santĂ© auto-rapportĂ© de travailleurs de dix entreprises quĂ©bĂ©coises suite Ă l'implantation de la Norme entreprise en santĂ©
Une minoritĂ© dâĂ©tudes a explorĂ© les effets de programmes de promotion de la santĂ© au travail comportant une intĂ©gration organisationnelle de la valeur «santĂ© des travailleurs». Au QuĂ©bec, la Norme entreprise en santĂ© favorise cette intĂ©gration en ciblant quatre sphĂšres dâactivitĂ© : les habitudes de vie, lâ«équilibre travail-vie personnelle», lâ«environnement de travail» et les «pratiques de gestion». Notre Ă©tude visait Ă examiner dans quelle mesure lâimplantation de cette norme est associĂ©e Ă une modification des habitudes de vie (frĂ©quence de lâactivitĂ© physique, consommation de fruits et lĂ©gumes et statut tabagique) et de lâĂ©tat de santĂ© auto-rapportĂ© de travailleurs quĂ©bĂ©cois. Dix organismes du secteur public et privĂ© en processus dâimplantation de la Norme entreprise en santĂ© ont Ă©tĂ© sĂ©lectionnĂ©s. Au total, 2849 travailleurs ont rĂ©pondu Ă un questionnaire au temps T1 et 2560 travailleurs y ont rĂ©pondu au temps T2. Des ratios de prĂ©valence ont Ă©tĂ© obtenus pour diffĂ©rentes analyses. Nos rĂ©sultats suggĂšrent que lâamĂ©lioration des indicateurs de santĂ© dans le cadre de la Norme entreprise en santĂ© est principalement observable pour les hommes et les travailleurs ĂągĂ©s. Chez les hommes, nous observons une amĂ©lioration de 6% de la prĂ©valence de travailleurs ayant une frĂ©quence dâactivitĂ© physique optimale de 3 sĂ©ances ou plus par semaine (RP : 1,06 [1,01-1,12]). Chez les individus de 55 ans et plus, nous observons une amĂ©lioration de 21% la prĂ©valence de travailleurs ayant une frĂ©quence dâactivitĂ© physique optimale (RP : 1,21 [1,02-1,43]) et une augmentation de 6% de la prĂ©valence de non-fumeurs (RP : 1,06 [1,01-1,11]). Les analyses principales nâont pas permis dâidentifier une amĂ©lioration statistiquement significative de la consommation de fruits et lĂ©gumes ou de lâĂ©tat de santĂ© auto-rapportĂ©. Nos rĂ©sultats suggĂšrent que lâimplantation de la Norme entreprise en santĂ© pourrait amĂ©liorer diverses habitudes de vie, notamment chez les hommes et les travailleurs plus ĂągĂ©s
Analyse matérialiste et organisationnelle du développement de l'anarchisme en Andalousie (1868-1910)
Le dĂ©veloppement de l'anarchisme en Andalousie durant le dernier tiers du XIXe siĂšcle, pĂ©riode qui correspond Ă la RĂ©volution libĂ©rale bourgeoise de 1868 en Espagne et Ă la naissance de la section espagnole de l'Association internationale des travailleurs (AIT â communĂ©ment appelĂ© PremiĂšre Internationale), a Ă©tĂ© maintes fois examinĂ© sous l'angle de l'Ă©mergence d'un mouvement social millĂ©nariste dont les racines seraient ancrĂ©es dans la mentalitĂ© archaĂŻque, conservatrice, spontanĂ©e, irrationnelle et apolitique de la « paysannerie andalouse ». Or, cette approche explicative du mouvement ouvrier anarchiste dans cette rĂ©gion d'Espagne ne rĂ©siste pas Ă une analyse matĂ©rialiste et organisationnelle basĂ©e sur l'Ă©volution des relations sociales de propriĂ©tĂ© et des rapports sociaux de production capitalistes, l'implantation d'un nombre important de sections ouvriĂšres anarchistes dĂ©diĂ©es Ă une Ă©ducation rationaliste et libertaire tout autant qu'Ă l'auto-organisation des luttes de la classe travailleuse. Qui plus est, cette recherche dĂ©montre pourquoi la thĂšse millĂ©nariste est incapable d'expliquer en quoi les ouvriers et ouvriĂšres andalou-ses Ă©taient non seulement conscient-es de leur place dans les rapports sociaux de production capitaliste et du conflit antagonique qui les opposaient Ă la bourgeoisie, mais Ă©galement en mesure d'Ă©valuer leur rapport de force et d'Ă©tablir des stratĂ©gies en consĂ©quence. En ce sens, il serait faux de dire, Ă l'instar de ce que prĂ©tendent les tenants de la thĂšse millĂ©nariste, que les anarchistes en Andalousie Ă©taient systĂ©matiquement Ă©pris de l'arrivĂ©e soudaine du grand soir (la RĂ©volution sociale). Plusieurs exemples de grĂšves revendicatrices et d'insurrections sociopolitiques nous dĂ©montrent plutĂŽt que le mouvement anarchiste considĂ©rait l'importance de mener des luttes dont les objectifs Ă©taient d'amĂ©liorer dans l'immĂ©diat les conditions de vie et de travail du prolĂ©tariat agricole. En dĂ©finitive, loin d'ĂȘtre animĂ©s par des illuminations religieuses et une foi messianique, les anarchistes andalou-ses mĂ©ritent d'ĂȘtre Ă©tudiĂ©-e-s Ă travers leurs expĂ©riences collectives de la lutte, lesquelles ont dĂ©terminĂ© dans une large mesure leurs choix idĂ©ologiques et stratĂ©giques. En effet, les Ă©checs devant les tribunaux royaux ou dans les tentatives d'alliance avec la frange progressiste de la bourgeoisie, juxtaposĂ©e Ă l'arrivĂ©e de l'idĂ©ologie anarcho-collectiviste, ont favorisĂ© l'Ă©mergence d'une conscience de classe, syndicale et rĂ©volutionnaire, qui caractĂ©rise le projet moderne du mouvement anarchiste andalou.\ud
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MOTS-CLĂS DE LâAUTEUR : Anarchisme, mouvement ouvrier, Andalousie, millĂ©narisme, matĂ©rialisme, FĂ©dĂ©ration rĂ©gionale espagnol
Limited Range-Filling Among Endemic Forest Herbs of Eastern North America and Its Implications for Conservation With Climate Change
Biodiversity hotspots host a high diversity of narrowly distributed endemic species, which are increasingly threatened by climate change. In eastern North America, the highest concentration of plant diversity and endemism occurs in the Southern Appalachian Mountains (SAM). It has been hypothesized that this region served as a refugium during Pleistocene glacial cycles and that postglacial migration northward was dispersal limited. We tested this hypothesis using species distribution models for eight forest herb species. We also quantified the extent to which the geography of suitable habitat shifted away from the current range with climate change. We developed species distribution models for four forest herb species endemic to the SAM and four that co-occur in the same SAM habitats but have broader ranges. For widespread species, we built models using (1) all occurrences and (2) only those that overlap the SAM hotspot in order to evaluate the extent of Hutchinsonian shortfalls and the potential for models to predict suitable habitat beyond the SAM. We evaluated the extent to which predicted climatically suitable areas are projected to shift away from their current ranges under future climate change. We detected unoccupied but suitable habitat in regions up to 1,100 km north of the endemic speciesâ ranges. Endemic ranges are disjunct from suitable northern areas due to a âŒ100â150 km gap of unsuitable habitat. Under future climate change, models predicted severe reductions in suitable habitat within current endemic ranges. For non-endemic species, we found similar overall patterns and gap of unsuitability in the same geographic location. Our results suggest a history of dispersal limitation following the last glacial maximum along with an environmental barrier to northward migration. Conservation of endemic species would likely require intervention and assisted migration to suitable habitat in northern New England and Canada
Of Mutualism and Migration: Will Interactions with Novel Ericoid Mycorrhizal Communities Help or Hinder Northward Rhododendron Range Shifts?
Rapid climate change imperils many small-ranged endemic species as the climate envelopes of their native ranges shift poleward. In addition to abiotic changes, biotic interactions are expected to play a critical role in plant speciesâ responses. Below-ground interactions are of particular interest given increasing evidence of microbial effects on plant performance and the prevalence of mycorrhizal mutualisms. We used greenhouse mesocosm experiments to investigate how natural northward migration/assisted colonization of Rhododendron catawbiense, a small-ranged endemic eastern U.S. shrub, might be influenced by novel below-ground biotic interactions from soils north of its native range, particularly with ericoid mycorrhizal fungi (ERM). We compared germination, leaf size, survival, and ERM colonization rates of endemic R. catawbiense and widespread R. maximum when sown on different soil inoculum treatments: a sterilized control; a non-ERM biotic control; ERM communities from northern R. maximum populations; and ERM communities collected from the native range of R. catawbiense. Germination rates for both species when inoculated with congeners\u27 novel soils were significantly higher than when inoculated with conspecific soils, or non-mycorrhizal controls. Mortality rates were unaffected by treatment, suggesting that the unexpected reciprocal effect of each speciesâ increased establishment in association with heterospecific ERM could have lasting demographic effects. Our results suggest that seedling establishment of R. catawbiense in northern regions outside its native range could be facilitated by the presence of extant congeners like R. maximum and their associated soil microbiota. These findings have direct relevance to the potential for successful poleward migration or future assisted colonization efforts
Etching the oxide barrier of micrometer-scale self-organized porous anodic alumina membranes
We develop a quantitative model to calculate the optimal experimental conditions for the etching of the oxide barrier of porous anodic alumina (PAA) membranes. The method is applied to a membrane fabricated at 370 V in a solution of 2% citric acid. The process creates a network of small pores at the bottom of the larger pores, which accelerates the oxide barrier etching relatively to the pore walls of the PAA membranes, when etched in a solution of phosphoric acid. The oxide barrier etching is confirmed by observation of PAA membranes using scanning electron microscopy, revealing the formation of the small pores and the preferential etching of the bottom of the pores rather than the pore walls. The proposed method, which leads to a better control over the fabrication of nanoporous templates, can be adapted to oxide barriers of different PAA membranes formed at different voltages and in different acids
The Welfare Impacts of Commodity Price Fluctuations: Evidence from Rural Ethiopia
Many governments try to stabilize commodity prices based on the widespread belief that households value price stability and that the poor especially benefit from food price stabilization. We derive an exact measure of multivariate price risk aversion and of associated household willingness to pay for price stabilization across multiple commodities. Using data from a panel of Ethiopian households, we estimate that the average household would be willing to pay 6-32 percent of its income to eliminate fluctuations in the prices of the seven primary food commodities. But not everyone benefits from price stabilization. Contrary to conventional wisdom, the welfare gains from eliminating price fluctuations would be concentrated in the upper 40 percent of the income distribution, making food price stabilization a distributionally regressive policy in this context
The Welfare Impacts of Commodity Price Fluctuations: Evidence from Rural Ethiopia
Many governments try to stabilize commodity prices based on the widespread belief that households value price stability and that the poor especially benefit from food price stabilization. We derive an exact measure of multivariate price risk aversion and of associated household willingness to pay for price stabilization across multiple commodities. Using data from a panel of Ethiopian households, we estimate that the average household would be willing to pay 6-32 percent of its income to eliminate fluctuations in the prices of the seven primary food commodities. But not everyone benefits from price stabilization. Contrary to conventional wisdom, the welfare gains from eliminating price fluctuations would be concentrated in the upper 40 percent of the income distribution, making food price stabilization a distributionally regressive policy in this context
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