Edmund Burke and Reason of State

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The Cromwellian Protectorate and the Languages of Empire

This article recovers some of the classical, constitutional, and religious languages of empire in early-modern Britain by a consideration of the period between the end of the first Anglo-Dutch war in 1654 and the calling of the second Protectoral Parliament in 1656. It examines in particular the strategic and political motivations for Cromwell's `western design' against the Spanish possessions in the Caribbean and presents the response to the failure of the design and the oppositional literature published around the second Protectoral Parliament as the immediate context for the publication of James Harrington's Oceana (1656). It is argued that Harrington's Machiavellian meditation on imperialism is intended as a critique of the expansion of the British republic, so placing Harrington more firmly within the oppositional bloc of the late Protectorate. A concluding section details the recovery of this moment of historical argument in the heat of the opposition to Sir Robert Walpole during the early stages of Anglo-Spanish hostility in 1738-9, and leads to some wider reflections both on the ideological uses of history in the creation of the British empire and on the centrality of the languages of empire to an understanding of Anglo-American intellectual history up to the late eighteenth century.Histor

Hobbes and the foundations of the modern international thought

Este artículo indaga sobre cómo llegó a aceptarse a Hobbes como una figura fundacional en la historia del pensamiento internacional a causa de su afirmación de que el ámbito de las relaciones internacionales se asemeja a un estado de naturaleza habitado por agentes competitivos y atemorizados. El autor sostiene que las reflexiones de Hobbes sobre la dimensión externa del Estado son más amplias de lo que suele señalarse y realiza un estudio de la pervivencia de su pensamiento a partir del siglo XVII, demostrando que no fue hasta el siglo XX cuando adquirió tal preeminencia, como consecuencia del consenso alcanzado respecto al hecho de que el ámbito de las relaciones internacionales era ciertamente anárquico. Sin embargo, Hobbes no inspiró directamente esta concepción de las relaciones internacionales, sino que fueron sus partidarios quienes recurrieron a él para apoyar sus teorías, pues Hobbes opinaba que el estado de naturaleza interestatal no podía ser equiparado al interpersonal, dado que si bien los Estados podían ser tan temerosos y competitivos como los individuos en sus relaciones mutuas, no obstante, no eran tan vulnerables ni esta situación de anarquía impedía la cooperación internacional

World History as Oceanic History: Beyond Braudel

Until recently, most historians shared a prejudice in favour of the history of land, territory and their human inhabitants. Yet two-thirds of the world’s surface is water and much of human history has been conducted on its shores, around its seas and across its oceans. This article proposes reimagining the history of the world through its oceans and seas and examines the multiple genealogies of oceanic history, Mediterranean, Pacific and Atlantic among them. It argues that these models do not exhaust the potential for an oceanic history of the world. It takes the example of the Atlantic and its history to show how models from other oceanic arenas can help us to open up new histories, of regions within larger oceans, of the transnational connections between oceans and of the world beneath the waves

Single-Cell Enumeration of an Uncultivated TM7 Subgroup in the

Specific oligonucleotide hybridization conditions were established for single-cell enumeration of uncultivated TM7 and IO25 bacteria by using clones expressing heterologous 16S rRNA. In situ analysis of human subgingival crevice specimens revealed that a greater proportion of samples from sites of chronic periodontitis than from healthy sites contained TM7 subgroup IO25. In addition, IO25 bacterial cells from periodontitis site samples were more abundant and fourfold longer than IO25 cells from healthy site samples

Shaking the Foundations: A Reply to My Critics

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Modern International Thought: Problems and Prospects

International intellectual history—the intellectual history of the international and an internationalised intellectual history—has recently emerged as one of the most fertile areas of research in the history of ideas. This article responds to eight essays inspired by my own contribution to this field in Foundations of Modern International Thought (2013). It engages with their positive achievements regarding the recovery of other foundations for modern international thought: for example, in theology, historiography and gender history. It addresses some of the methodological problems arising from the search for foundations, notably anachronism, presentism and diffusionism. It expands on others’ arguments about the international thought of Hobbes and Locke and the limits of cosmopolitanism. Finally, it points the way forward for international intellectual history as a collaborative, interdisciplinary, transnational and transtemporal enterprise.Histor

What's the Big Idea? Intellectual History and the Longue Durée

Historians of all kinds are beginning to return to temporally expansive studies after decades of aversion and neglect. There are even signs that intellectual historians are returning to the longue durée. What are the reasons for this revival of long-range intellectual history? And how might it be rendered methodologically robust as well as historically compelling? This article proposes a model of transtemporal history, proceeding via serial contextualism to create a history in ideas spanning centuries, even millennia: key examples come from work in progress on ideas of civil war from ancient Rome to the present. The article concludes with brief reflections on the potential impact of the digital humanities on the practice of intellectual history.Histor