Mogućnost hepatotoksičnoga djelovanja malationa u slatkovodnoga teleosta Labeo rohita (Hamilton)

Freshwater edible fi sh, Labeo rohita, were exposed to a sublethal concentration (0.9 μl/L) of commercial grade malathion (50% Emulsifi ed Concentration) for 5, 15 and 25 d. After each exposure period, the liver was taken, to study biochemical alterations. An increase in free amino acid, protease activity and ACh levels, in contrast to decrement in total, structural and soluble proteins and AChE activity, were observed after 5 and l5 d exposure, but on 25 d exposure all the values came nearer to normal. Restoration of protein fractions, free amino acid, protease activity, ACh levels and AChE activity to normal implies that after 15 d of exposure there seems to exist an oscillatory phase in protein turnover towards a more synthetic phase, leading to the establishment of recuperation and adaptation phenomena.Slatkovodna jestiva riba Labeo rohita bila je izložena subletalnoj koncentraciji (0,9 μL/L) komercijalnoga pripravka malationa (50% emulzija) tijekom 5, 15 i 25 dana. Nakon razdoblja izloženosti jetra je bila uzeta za istraživanje biokemijskih poremećaja. Pet i 15 dana nakon izloženosti ustanovljena je povećana koncentracija slobodnih masnih kiselina, pojačana aktivnost proteaza i povećana razina acetilkolina, dok se smanjila ukupna količina proteina i aktivnost acetilkolinesteraze. Nakon 25 dana izloženosti za sve su pokazatelje ustanovljene gotovo normalne vrijednosti. Uspostava normalnih vrijednosti proteinskih frakcija, slobodnih masnih kiselina, aktivnosti proteaza, razine acetilkolina i aktivnosti acetilkolinesteraze nagovješćuje da se nakon 15 dana izloženosti javlja kolebajuća faza u metabolizmu s pojačanom sintezom proteina što dovodi do oporavka i prilagodbe novim uvjetima

Istraživanje oksidativnog stresa i genotoksičnosti slatkovodnih riba Cyprinus Carpio nakon izloženosti subletalnoj dozi triazofosa

Triazophos (TAP), an organophosphorus insecticide, is widely used in agricultural practice for controlling various insect pests. The present research work aimed to elucidate the impact of TAP on the antioxidant status and DNA content of the freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio. The fish were grouped into batches (n=6) and received a sublethal dose of 0.3mg/L for a duration of 1 (E1), 10 (E2), 20 (E3) and 30 days (E4). Another group, devoid of any toxicant, was maintained as the control (C). Changes in the enzymatic threshold of the selected antioxidants and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels suggested the conformation of oxidative stress in the livers of the freshwater fish C. carpio due to TAP exposure. Additionally, comet assays and micronucleus tests performed on the peripheral blood of the fish suggested increased damage in the form of the percentage of tail DNA formation and a high frequency of micronucleus as compared to the control. A positive correlation was seen between the decline in antioxidant activity, the elevation in MDA and the comet length and micronucleus frequency. The study thus highlights the impact of TAP on antioxidant levels in the livers and genotoxicity in the blood of the freshwater fish C. carpio. The findings of the study confirm that the antioxidant status, along with the comet assay and micronucleus tests could be used as tools in determining the potential genotoxicity due to the TAP impact. It is therefore suggested that extensive use of TAP should be avoided as it may contribute to the decline in the C. carpio population in its natural habitats.Triazofos (TAP) je organofosforni insekticid koji se široko koristi u poljoprivrednoj praksi za suzbijanje raznih štetnih insekata. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je procjeniti utjecaj TAP-a na antioksidativni status i DNK slatkovodne ribe Cyprinus carpio. Ribe su razvrstane u skupine (n = 6) u kojima su primale subletalnu dozu TAP-a 0.3mg/L u trajanju od 1 (E1), 10 (E2), 20 (E3) i 30 dana (E4). Druga skupina, koja nije izložena TAP-u, smatrana je kontrolnom (C). Promjene enzimskog praga odabranih antioksidansa i razina malondialdehida (MDA) potvrdile su da izloženost TAP-u izaziva oksidativni stres u jetrama slatkovodne ribe C. carpio. Osim toga, komet analize i mikronukleusni testovi provedeni na perifernoj krvi riba ukazali su da u eksperimentalnih skupina u odnosu na kontrolu postoji povećani postotak oštećenja u obliku DNK repa i povećane učestalosti mikronukleusa. Uočena je pozitivna korelacija između pada antioksidativne aktivnosti, porasta MDA, duljine kometa i učestalosti mikronukleusa. Uzevši u obzir navedeno, istraživanje naglašava utjecaj TAP-a na razine antioksidansa u jetrama i genotoksičnost u krvi slatkovodne ribe C. carpio. Rezultati potvrđuju da se antioksidativni status, zajedno s kometnim testom i mikronukleusnim testovima, može koristiti kao alat za određivanje potencijalne genotoksičnosti TAP-a. Stoga se predlaže izbjegavanje široke uporaba TAP-a koja bi mogla doprinijeti smanjenju populacije C. carpio u njezinim prirodnim staništima

Dišni poremećaji i poremećaji u ponašanju indijskoga šarana Labeo rohita (Hamilton) uzrokovani cipermetrinom.

A short term definitive test by the static renewal bioassay method was conducted to determine the acute toxicity (LC50) of technical grade pyrethroid insecticide, cypermethrin (92.25%) in freshwater indigenous carp, Labeo rohita. Carp fingerlings were exposed to different concentrations (2.0 to 6.0 μg/L) of cypermethrin for 96 h. The acute toxicity value was found to be 4.0 μg/L and one fi fth of LC50 (0.57 μg/L) was selected for sub acute studies. Behavioural patterns and oxygen consumption were studied in lethal (1, 2, 3 and 4 d) and sub lethal concentrations (1, 5, 10 and 15 d). Carp in toxic media exhibited irregular, erratic and darting swimming movements, hyper excitability, loss of equilibrium and sinking to the bottom, which might be due to inactivation of (AChE) acetyl cholinesterase activity which results in excess accumulation of acetylcholine in the cholinergic synapses leading to hyperstimulation. Variation in oxygen consumption (1.289 to 17.409 %; 20.580 to 109.77 %) was observed in both lethal and sub lethal concentrations of cypermethrin respectively. Alterations in oxygen consumption may be due to respiratory distress as a consequence of impairment in oxidative metabolism. Fish in the sublethal concentration were found under stress, but that was not fatal.Brzi test statičke metode obnove rabljen je za određivanje akutne toksičnosti (LC50) piretroidnoga insekticida cipermetrina (92,25%) u autohtonoga slatkovodnoga indijskoga šarana, Labeo rohita. Šaranska mlađ bila je izložena različitim koncentracijama (2,0 do 6,0 μg/L) cipermetrina tijekom 96 sati. Akutna toksična doza iznosila je 4,0 μg/L, a jedna petina LC50 (0,57 μg/L) bila je uzeta za subakutno trovanje. Način ponašanja i potrošnja kisika bili su promatrani nakon izlaganja letalnim (1, 2, 3 i 4 d) i subletalnim koncentracijama (1, 5, 10 i 15 d). Šarani su u toksičnom mediju pokazivali nepravilno, lutajuće i nasrtajuće plivanje, razdražljivost, gubitak ravnoteže, potonuće na dno što se može pripisati oslabljenoj aktivnosti acetilkolinesteraze što dovodi do suvišnog nakupljanja acetilkolina na kolinergičnim sinapsama i time do prekomjerne stimulacije. Kolebanje u potrošnji kisika (1,289 do 17,409%; 20,580 do 109,77%) ustanovljeno je pri letalnim i subletalnim koncentracijama cipermetrina. Promjene u potrošnji kisika javljaju se zbog dišnoga poremećaja i nepravilne izmjene kisika. Ribe su pod subletalnim koncentracijama bile u stresu, koji nije bio fatalan

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF HEAVY METALS AROUND THE GOLD MINE ORE TAILINGS OF HATTI, KARNATAKA STATE, INDIA

Mining is an imperative segment of the world economy as it contributes socio-economic status of the nations. However, developing countries like India due to lack of high profile industrial techniques and equipment, eluting effluents from the industrial process may contain various hazardous substances which greatly affect the environmental and human health. The present work is aimed with the distribution of heavy metals in and around Hatti Gold Mine Ore Tailing (H-GOT). The results elicit the mine ore tailings are having high-level contaminants of heavy metal than the crop lands of Hatti (Hs), Kotha (Ks), Chikka Nagur (Cs), Tawag (Ts), Lingsugur (Ls) of Raichur District, Karnataka. It was reported that, Hatti Gold Mine ore tailings hold about 41.31±0.49 mg/kg, 2.1±0.31mg/kg, 71.96±3.26 mg/kg, 39.56±1.47 mg/kg and 73.4±2.19 mg/kg of Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb) and Zinc (Zn) heavy metals respectively. While the crop lands metal contamination range depends on seasonal variation. In south-west monsoon farming lands metal contamination order is Hs> Ks>Cs> Ts >Ls, and it was decreased during Post-monsoon. This is the hallmark of the fetching huge amount of toxic heavy metals from mining center to nearest crop lands. The continuous squeezing of these toxic metals could trigger the bio-magnification in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem and it may impact various metabolic disorders

Choosing a Data Model and Query Language for Provenance

The ancestry relationships found in provenance form a directed graph. Many provenance queries require traversal of this graph. The data and query models for provenance should directly and naturally address this graph-centric nature of provenance. To that end, we set out the requirements for a provenance data and query model and discuss why the common solutions (relational, XML, RDF) fall short. A semistructured data model is more suited for handling provenance. We propose a query model based on the Lorel query language, and briefly describe how our query language PQL extends Lorel.Engineering and Applied Science

Provenance-Aware Sensor Data Storage

Sensor network data has both historical and realtime value. Making historical sensor data useful, in particular, requires storage, naming, and indexing. Sensor data presents new challenges in these areas. Such data is location-specific but also distributed; it is collected in a particular physical location and may be most useful there, but it has additional value when combined with other sensor data collections in a larger distributed system. Thus, arranging location-sensitive peer-to-peer storage is one challenge. Sensor data sets do not have obvious names, so naming them in a globally useful fashion is another challenge. The last challenge arises from the need to index these sensor data sets to make them searchable. The key to sensor data identity is provenance, the full history or lineage of the data. We show how provenance addresses the naming and indexing issues and then present a research agenda for constructing distributed, indexed repositories of sensor data.Engineering and Applied Science

Provenance-Aware Sensor Data Storage

Sensor network data has both historical and realtime value. Making historical sensor data useful, in particular, requires storage, naming, and indexing. Sensor data presents new challenges in these areas. Such data is location-specific but also distributed; it is collected in a particular physical location and may be most useful there, but it has additional value when combined with other sensor data collections in a larger distributed system. Thus, arranging location-sensitive peer-to-peer storage is one challenge. Sensor data sets do not have obvious names, so naming them in a globally useful fashion is another challenge. The last challenge arises from the need to index these sensor data sets to make them searchable. The key to sensor data identity is provenance, the full history or lineage of the data. We show how provenance addresses the naming and indexing issues and then present a research agenda for constructing distributed, indexed repositories of sensor data.Engineering and Applied Science

Isoform- and species-specific control of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptors by reactive oxygen species.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) stimulate cytoplasmic [Ca(2+)] ([Ca(2+)]c) signaling, but the exact role of the IP3 receptors (IP3R) in this process remains unclear. IP3Rs serve as a potential target of ROS produced by both ER and mitochondrial enzymes, which might locally expose IP3Rs at the ER-mitochondrial associations. Also, IP3Rs contain multiple reactive thiols, common molecular targets of ROS. Therefore, we have examined the effect of superoxide anion (O2) on IP3R-mediated Ca(2+) signaling. In human HepG2, rat RBL-2H3, and chicken DT40 cells, we observed [Ca(2+)]c spikes and frequency-modulated oscillations evoked by a O2 donor, xanthine (X) + xanthine oxidase (XO), dose-dependently. The [Ca(2+)]c signal was mediated by ER Ca(2+) mobilization. X+XO added to permeabilized cells promoted the [Ca(2+)]c rise evoked by submaximal doses of IP3, indicating that O2 directly sensitizes IP3R-mediated Ca(2+) release. In response to X+XO, DT40 cells lacking two of three IP3R isoforms (DKO) expressing either type 1 (DKO1) or type 2 IP3Rs (DKO2) showed a [Ca(2+)]c signal, whereas DKO expressing type 3 IP3R (DKO3) did not. By contrast, IgM that stimulates IP3 formation, elicited a [Ca(2+)]c signal in every DKO. X+XO also facilitated the Ca(2+) release evoked by submaximal IP3 in permeabilized DKO1 and DKO2 but was ineffective in DKO3 or in DT40 lacking every IP3R (TKO). However, X+XO could also facilitate the effect of suboptimal IP3 in TKO transfected with rat IP3R3. Although in silico studies failed to identify a thiol missing in the chicken IP3R3, an X+XO-induced redox change was documented only in the rat IP3R3. Thus, ROS seem to specifically sensitize IP3Rs through a thiol group(s) within the IP3R, which is probably inaccessible in the chicken IP3R3

Layering in Provenance Systems

Digital provenance describes the ancestry or history of a digital object. Most existing provenance systems, however, operate at only one level of abstraction: the sys- tem call layer, a workflow specification, or the high-level constructs of a particular application. The provenance collectable in each of these layers is different, and all of it can be important. Single-layer systems fail to account for the different levels of abstraction at which users need to reason about their data and processes. These systems cannot integrate data provenance across layers and cannot answer questions that require an integrated view of the provenance. We have designed a provenance collection structure facilitating the integration of provenance across multiple levels of abstraction, including a workflow engine, a web browser, and an initial runtime Python provenance tracking wrapper. We layer these components atop provenance-aware network storage (NFS) that builds upon a Provenance-Aware Storage System (PASS). We discuss the challenges of building systems that integrate provenance across multiple layers of abstraction, present how we augmented systems in each layer to integrate provenance, and present use cases that demonstrate how provenance spanning multiple layers provides functionality not available in existing systems. Our evaluation shows that the overheads imposed by layering provenance systems are reasonable.Engineering and Applied Science