Burdened by Proof: How the Australian Refugee Review Tribunal has failed lesbian and gay asylum seekers

Our argument in this paper is that the evidentiary practices and procedures that have been developed by the Australian Refugee Review Tribunal are operating at a routinely low standard. Such practices contribute to decisions that are manifestly unfair and potentially wrong in law. Our conclusions are drawn from our detailed study of more than 300 refugee tribunal decisions made in Canada and Australia in response to asylum claims brought by lesbians and gay men

Forced Marriage as a Harm in Domestic and International Law

This article reports on our analysis of 120 refugee cases from Australia, Canada, and Britain where an actual or threatened forced marriage was part of the claim for protection. We found that forced marriage was rarely considered by refugee decision makers to be a harm in and of itself. This finding contributes to understanding how gender and sexuality are analysed within refugee law, because the harm of forced marriage is experienced differently by lesbians, gay men and heterosexual women. We contrast our findings in the refugee case law with domestic initiatives in Europe aimed at protecting nationals from forced marriages both within Europe and elsewhere. We pay particular attention to British initiatives because they are in many ways the most far-reaching and innovative, and thus the contrast with the response of British refugee law is all the more stark

High energy ion channeling - Principles and typical applications

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Swift Highly Charged Ion Channelling

We review recent experimental and theoretical progress made in the scope of swift highly charged ion channelling in crystals. The usefulness of such studies is their ability to yield impact parameter information on charge transfer processes, and also on some time related problems. We discuss the cooling and heating phenomena at MeV/u energies, results obtained with decelerated H-like ion beams at GSI and with ions having an excess of electrons at GANIL, the superdensity effect along atomic strings and Resonant Coherent Excitation.Comment: to be published in Journal of Physics

The cryogenic system for the superconducting solenoid magnet of the CMS experiment

The design concept of the CMS experiment, foreseen for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) project at CERN, is based on a superconducting solenoid magnet. The large coil will be made of a four layers winding generating the 4 T uniform magnetic induction required by the detector. The length of the solenoid is 13 m with an inner diameter of 5.9 m. The mass kept at liquid helium temperature totals 220 t and the electromagnetic stored energy is 2.7 GJ. The windings are indirectly cooled with a liquid helium flow driven by a thermosyphon effect. The external cryogenic system consists of a 1.5 kW at 4.5 K (entropy equivalent) cryoplant including an additional liquid nitrogen precooling unit and a 5000 litre liquid helium buffer. The whole magnet and cryogenic system will be tested at the surface by 2003 before final installation in the underground area of LHC

Cryogenic Facilities at 1.9 K for the Reception of the Superconducting Wires and Cables of the LHC Dipoles Magnets

CERN's LHC project has moved to an implementation phase. The fabrication of 1600 high-field superconducting magnets operating at 1.9 K will require about 6400 km of Nb-Ti cables. A cryogenic test facility has therefore been set up in order, on the one hand, to verify the quality of individual wires and, on the other hand, to control the critical current of the assembled cables. The facility is composed of a helium liquefier, a transfer line, a dewar and pumps. The paper describes the fully automatic operation of this installation and the different test cycles applied to these wires and cables

Refrigeration System for the ATLAS Experiment

The proposed ATLAS detector for the 27 km circumference LHC collider is of unprecedented size and complexity. The magnet configuration is based on an inner superconducting solenoid and large superconducting air-core toroids (barrel and two end-caps) each made of eight coils symmetrically arranged outside the calorimetry. The total cold mass approaches 600 tons and the stored energy is 1.7 GJ. The cryogenic infrastructure will include a 6 kW @ 4.5 K refrigerator, a precooling unit and distribution systems and permits flexible operation during cool-down, normal running and quench recovery. A dedicated LN2 refrigeration system is proposed for the three liquid argon calorimeters (84 m3 of LAr). Magnets and calorimeters will be individually tested prior to their definitive installation in a large scale cryogenic test area on the surface. The experiment is scheduled to be operational in 2005

Electron gas polarization effect induced by heavy H-like ions of moderate velocities channeled in a silicon crystal

We report on the observation of a strong perturbation of the electron gas induced by 20 MeV/u U$^{91+}$ ions and 13 MeV/u Pb$^{81+}$ ions channeled in silicon crystals. This collective response (wake effect) in-duces a shift of the continuum energy level by more than 100 eV, which is observed by means of Radiative Electron Capture into the K and L-shells of the projectiles. We also observe an increase of the REC probability by 20-50% relative to the probability in a non-perturbed electron gas. The energy shift is in agreement with calculations using the linear response theory, whereas the local electron density enhancement is much smaller than predicted by the same model. This shows that, for the small values of the adiabaticity parameter achieved in our experiments, the density fluctuations are not strongly localized at the vicinity of the heavy ions

A Low Noise and High Dynamic Charge Sensitive Amplifier-Shaper associated with Silicon Strip Detector for Compton Camera in hadrontherapy

submitted to conference record of IEEE NSS-MIC, Anaheim USA, 29 october-3 november 2012International audienceA 8 channel Front End Electronics (FEE) circuit has been designed and fabricated in 0.35 μm CMOS process from Austria Micro System to be coupled with the Silicon Strip Detector (SSD) of the Compton Camera for quality control of hadrontherapy. Each channel includes a Charge Sensitive Amplifier (CSA) followed by two parallel CR-RC shapers. Slow and fast shapers, with 1 μs and 15 ns shaping time, are used to measure the energy and to time stamp all events respectively. The two sides of the SSD are read thanks to a configurable system for holes and electrons. The CSA presents an open loop gain of 67 dB and 90 degrees phase margin assuring a high stability. The circuit has been successfully tested. The test results are in good agreement with analytic and simulation calculations. Here, we describe the principles and present measured performances of the prototype. A high linearity over the range of 3E3 to 3E6 electrons is reached with a conversion gain of 3.6 mV/fC. The circuit achieves an ENC (Equivalent Noise Charge) of 412 electrons rms. 75% of the total noise is generated by the small value of the feedback resistor chosen to avoid pile up phenomenon due to the 1E5 hits/s occupancy rate. A cross-talk of 2 % was measured, 99% of which is due to the power supply disturbances. The power supply dissipation is 21 mW/channel for 3.3 V supply voltage. The area of this design is 2871×1881 μm2 including pads

Anti-aging activities of extracts from Tunisian medicinal halophytes and their aromatic constituents

Six medicinal halophytes widely represented in North Africa and commonly used in traditional medicine were screened for pharmacological properties to set out new promising sources of natural ingredients for cosmetic or nutraceutical applications. Thus, Citrullus colocynthis, Cleome arabica, Daemia cordata, Haloxylon articulatum, Pituranthos scoparius and Scorzonera undulata were examined for their in vitro antioxidant (DPPH scavenging and superoxide anion-scavenging, β-carotene bleaching inhibition and iron-reducing tests), antibacterial (microdi- lution method, against four human pathogenic bacteria) and anti-tyrosinase activities. Besides, their aromatic com- position was determined by RP-HPLC. H. articulatum shoot extracts exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity and inhibited efficiently the growth of Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli. P. scoparius and C. arabica inhibited slightly monophenolase, whereas H. articulatum was the most efficient inhibitor of diphenolase activity. Furthermore, H. articulatum exhibited the highest aromatic content (3.4 % DW), with dopamine as the major com- pound. These observations suggest that shoot extract of H. articulatum, and to a lesser extent of C. arabica, could otic as well as new natural skin lightening agents. Also, possible implication of aromatic compounds in anti-tyrosinase activity is discussed