Histoire de Saint Ignace de Loyola : fondateur de la compagnie de Jésus

Segundo volumen de la vida y obra de San Ignacio de Loiola.Segundo volumen de la vida y obra de San Ignacio de Loiola

Applications of morphometric and diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging to the study of brain abnormalities in the alcoholism spectrum.

Background: The International Conference on Applications of Neuroimaging to Alcoholism was held at Yale University in New Haven, CT, in January 2004. The following is a brief summary of the contributions of five speakers who presented their work during the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) session. Methods: This session addressed how MRI and DTI are used to assess macro- and microstructural brain alterations in alcoholism. Structural MRI methods can address regional gray and white matter volumetric/ morphometric abnormalities, and DTI methods can address microstructural disruptions of white matter tracts. These methods can be applied across the spectrum of alcoholism to elucidate distinct brain abnormalities underlying clinical subtypes, to disentangle brain volume deficits that precede, from those that follow, the onset of alcoholic drinking in chronic alcoholics, and to examine effects of prenatal alcohol exposures on brain development in children. The presentations highlighted recent scientific findings and methodological advances in these areas. Results: Disease-specific probabilistic atlases, designed to reflect the unique anatomy and physiology of particular clinical subpopulations, can be developed for alcoholism. Such an atlas can be used to identify efficiently patterns of altered structure or function in alcoholism and can guide algorithms for knowledge-based image analysis. DTI is sensitive to constraints on the random diffusion of water molecules in axons, allowing assessment of white matter tract integrity in neuropsychiatric diseases, including alcoholism. Recent MRI and DTI data were presented showing region-specific brain abnormalities at both macro- and microstructural levels that varied differentially according to sex, time of alcohol exposure in life, and alcoholism subtype. Conclusion: The International Conference on Applications of Neuroimaging to Alcoholism brought together leading experts in MRI and DTI techniques to discuss their applications to the study of alcoholism. The extant and new imaging technologies provide us with multiple modalities to study the brain in vivo. These noninvasive tools enable us to monitor the time course of alcohol effects on the brain and to characterize macro- and microstructural brain abnormalities across the full spectrum of alcoholism, including its precursors and its sequelae

Applications of morphometric and diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging to the study of brain abnormalities in the alcoholism spectrum.

Background: The International Conference on Applications of Neuroimaging to Alcoholism was held at Yale University in New Haven, CT, in January 2004. The following is a brief summary of the contributions of five speakers who presented their work during the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) session. Methods: This session addressed how MRI and DTI are used to assess macro- and microstructural brain alterations in alcoholism. Structural MRI methods can address regional gray and white matter volumetric/ morphometric abnormalities, and DTI methods can address microstructural disruptions of white matter tracts. These methods can be applied across the spectrum of alcoholism to elucidate distinct brain abnormalities underlying clinical subtypes, to disentangle brain volume deficits that precede, from those that follow, the onset of alcoholic drinking in chronic alcoholics, and to examine effects of prenatal alcohol exposures on brain development in children. The presentations highlighted recent scientific findings and methodological advances in these areas. Results: Disease-specific probabilistic atlases, designed to reflect the unique anatomy and physiology of particular clinical subpopulations, can be developed for alcoholism. Such an atlas can be used to identify efficiently patterns of altered structure or function in alcoholism and can guide algorithms for knowledge-based image analysis. DTI is sensitive to constraints on the random diffusion of water molecules in axons, allowing assessment of white matter tract integrity in neuropsychiatric diseases, including alcoholism. Recent MRI and DTI data were presented showing region-specific brain abnormalities at both macro- and microstructural levels that varied differentially according to sex, time of alcohol exposure in life, and alcoholism subtype. Conclusion: The International Conference on Applications of Neuroimaging to Alcoholism brought together leading experts in MRI and DTI techniques to discuss their applications to the study of alcoholism. The extant and new imaging technologies provide us with multiple modalities to study the brain in vivo. These noninvasive tools enable us to monitor the time course of alcohol effects on the brain and to characterize macro- and microstructural brain abnormalities across the full spectrum of alcoholism, including its precursors and its sequelae

Differential brain response to alcohol cue distractors across stages of alcohol dependence

Altered attention to alcohol-related cues is implicated in the craving and relapse cycle characteristic of alcohol dependence (ALC). Prior cue reactivity studies typically invoke explicit attention to alcohol cues, so the neural response underlying incidental cue exposure remains unclear. Here, we embed infrequent, task-irrelevant alcohol and non-alcohol cues in an attention-demanding task, enabling evaluation of brain responses to distracting alcohol cues. Alcohol dependent individuals, across illness phase (n=44), and controls (n=20) performed a cue-reactivity fMRI target detection task. Significant Group-by-Distractor effects were observed in dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), inferior parietal lobule, and amygdala. Controls and long-term abstainers increased recruitment of attention and cognitive control regions, while recent and long-term abstainers decreased limbic recruitment to alcohol distractors. Across phases of ALC, self-reported craving positively correlated with cue-related activations in ventral ACC, medial prefrontal cortex, and cerebellum. Results indicate that brain responses elicited by incidental alcohol cues differentiate phases of ALC

Applications of Morphometric and Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging to the Study of Brain Abnormalities in the Alcoholism Spectrum

Background: The International Conference on Applications of Neuroimaging to Alcoholism was held at Yale University in New Haven, CT, in January 2004. The following is a brief summary of the contributions of five speakers who presented their work during the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) session. Methods: This session addressed how MRI and DTI are used to assess macro- and microstructural brain alterations in alcoholism. Structural MRI methods can address regional gray and white matter volumetric/morphometric abnormalities, and DTI methods can address microstructural disruptions of white matter tracts. These methods can be applied across the spectrum of alcoholism to elucidate distinct brain abnormalities underlying clinical subtypes, to disentangle brain volume deficits that precede, from those that follow, the onset of alcoholic drinking in chronic alcoholics, and to examine effects of prenatal alcohol exposures on brain development in children. The presentations highlighted recent scientific findings and methodological advances in these areas. Results: Disease-specific probabilistic atlases, designed to reflect the unique anatomy and physiology of particular clinical subpopulations, can be developed for alcoholism. Such an atlas can be used to identify efficiently patterns of altered structure or function in alcoholism and can guide algorithms for knowledge-based image analysis. DTI is sensitive to constraints on the random diffusion of water molecules in axons, allowing assessment of white matter tract integrity in neuropsychiatric diseases, including alcoholism. Recent MRI and DTI data were presented showing region-specific brain abnormalities at both macro- and microstructural levels that varied differentially according to sex, time of alcohol exposure in life, and alcoholism subtype. Conclusion: The International Conference on Applications of Neuroimaging to Alcoholism brought together leading experts in MRI and DTI techniques to discuss their applications to the study of alcoholism. The extant and new imaging technologies provide us with multiple modalities to study the brain in vivo. These noninvasive tools enable us to monitor the time course of alcohol effects on the brain and to characterize macro- and microstructural brain abnormalities across the full spectrum of alcoholism, including its precursors and its sequelae