Intelligent man/machine interfaces on the space station

Some important topics in the development of good, intelligent, usable man/machine interfaces for the Space Station are discussed. These computer interfaces should adhere strictly to three concepts or doctrines: generality, simplicity, and elegance. The motivation for natural language interfaces and their use and value on the Space Station, both now and in the future, are discussed

Reverse Engineering of Software for Interoperability and Analysis

The rapid evolution of computer technology raises difficult questions about the scope of protection the law should afford computer programs. Computer programs are uniquely different from traditional literary works protected by the copyright laws, because they have machine-like properties, are primarily functional in nature, and frequently are distributed in a form that humans cannot read. Despite these differences, however, computer programs have received protection under the copyright paradigm along with literary and artistic works. The United States historically has employed a highly protectionist approach to computer programs, as evidenced by early software infringement decisions in which courts slowly expanded protection by prohibiting copying of not only the literal or tangible aspects of computer programs but also the nonliteral elements. Recently, some courts have made an underlying shift in their interpretation of legal doctrine and policy from a broad standard of infringement that favors software copyright owners to a more narrow standard

The Continuing Evolution of Criminal Constitutional Law in State Courts

Although early state constitutions were important and ambitious documents for their time, the development of state constitutional law stagnated after the drafting and adoption of the federal constitution., As the doctrine of federalism has resurfaced, however, states have begun to turn to their constitutions to grant more protection for their citizens. The states\u27 criminal constitutional laws have changed significantly and continue to evolve today. In the 1960s, the Warren Court expanded basic protections for criminal defendants by finding that the Fourteenth Amendment incorporates the Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Amendments. The Court held that the Eighth Amendment prohibits cruel and unusual punishment by the states. The Court extended the Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination to criminal defendants, held that this privilege also requires police to give warnings to suspects prior to custodial interrogations, and applied the double jeopardy clause to states. The Court extended the Sixth Amendment to give criminal defendants further rights: to be represented by an attorney, to be confronted by the witnesses against them,o to have a speedy trial, to have a trial by an impartial jury, and to have a compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in favor of the defense. During this period, states hardly had time to consider what protections their own constitutions might give to criminal defendants because the Supreme Court was expanding the federal rights so rapidly to citizens accused of state-law crimes

The Legal Nature of Academic Freedom in United States Colleges and Universities

The courts serve as the ultimate guardians of the free expression of ideas in colleges and universities throughout the United States. While the Constitution does not enumerate any specific right of academic freedom, the Supreme Court of the United States has employed the first and fourteenth amendments to help ensure that academic institutions can continue to be forums for the unfettered exchange of ideas. State constitutions and statutes also help de- termine the contours of academic freedom

South's visible hand: Textile mills and the control of white labor in the antebellum southern Piedmont, 1830-1860

Throughout the antebellum period, the concept of control was a fundamental cornerstone of white southern society. Plantations exhibited the most lucid example of this control where the master dominated not only slaves but the physical environment as well. Yet elite white southerners felt poor whites also needed controlling. Poor whites, a landless, migratory group, roamed the southern countryside in search of employment and steady wages. If poor whites found employment, it was often tenant farming and, at times, as day-laborers on southern plantations. Although allowed to work on plantations, planter elites held varying degrees of ambivalence towards poor whites as well as a disdain for whites working in the fields doing what they deemed work unbecoming a member of the white race.This study centers upon the relationship between textile mill management and the poor white labor forces within the southern Piedmont between 1830 and 1860. Focusing on poor white textile laborers, it concludes that elite southerners viewed poor whites as fundamentally different from the rest of white southern society, basing these views on contemporary scientific, religious, and historical thought. Furthermore, plantations and textile mills, as well as mill villages, operated in strikingly similar ways. Poor whites, limited in their ability to purchase land already held by plantation masters, entered into industrial labor within textile mills and experienced numerous control measures within factories and mill villages. Ultimately, having experienced generations of harsh treatment by elites, poor whites entered into mill employment and did not take part in organized labor resistance or activism, unlike industrial employees in the Upper South and North. This deference can be attributed to a lack of rival foreign-born labor as well as psychosocial behaviors caused by the experience of poor whites in the antebellum Piedmont

Going against the Grain: Personal Reflections on the Emergence of Women in the Legal Profession

Personal Reflections on the Emergence of Women in the Legal Professio

Going against the Grain: Personal Reflections on the Emergence of Women in the Legal Profession

Personal Reflections on the Emergence of Women in the Legal Professio

Enforcement of Arbitration Clauses Against Deceived Franchisees

Resolving the issue of fraud in the inducement of franchise agreements is an area that merits refinement. To save time and expense, arbitration-which bars both parties from the court system to resolve disputes-is a significant contemporary development. The reliance on arbitrators, who are not bound by precedent, is especially serious when their authority to resolve a particular controversy comes from a franchise agreement. Such agreements have been the subject of legislative inquiry, administrative action and litigation largely because of the informational imbalance between franchisors and franchisees during the course of negotiating their agreements. This article argues that, because franchisees generally are not able to understand the significance of relinquishing basic legal rights via a broadly-worded arbitration clause, judges, not arbitrators, should resolve franchisees\u27 allegations of fraud in the inducement