Fenomena meningkatnya kehamilan di luar nikah akibat belis di Kota Ende Nusa Tenggara Timur

INDONESIA: Mahar atau yang biasa disebut belis sangat berkaitan dengan sistematis kehidupan bermasyarakat. Artinya bila tanpa belis berarti tak ada pernikahan. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada masyarakat Ende Flores, Nusa Tenggara Timur. Belis, atau lumrahnya dikenal sebagai mahar pada pernikahan pernikahan di wilayah lain di Indonesia lazimnya diberikan alakadarnya namun tidak demikian dalam masyarakat Ende Flores, Nusa Tenggara Timur. Belis, yang juga dinyatakan sebagai mahar, besarannya melebihi mahar pada umumnya. Pada masyrakat Ende Flores, mahar atau belis bahkan kadang bisa berupa ternak ternak mereka seperti kuda atau kerbau. Gading perak gajah pun dapat dijadikan belis bagi masyarakat di Ende Flores karena dianggap sangat berharga. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Kota Ende Nusa Tenggara Timur. Masalah penelitian ini adalah Apakah besarnya jumlah belis atau mahar mempengaruhi terjadinya hamil di luar nikah pada masyarakat Ende Flores Nusa Tenggara Timur dan Bagaimana cara menentukan jumlah belis atau mahar dalam perkawinan masyarakat Ende Flores Nusa Tenggara Timur. Jawaban dari pertanyaan-pertanyaan tersebut diharapkan dapat mengetahui pengaruh antara besarnya mahar terhadap terjadinya kehamilan diluar nikah pada masyarakat Ende Flores dan Untuk mengetahui cara menentukan besarnya jumlah mahar di Kota Ende Flores. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian kualitatif. Sedangkan paradigma yang digunakan adalah paradigma fenomenologi. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Untuk menganalisis data, peneliti menggunakan deskriptif kualitatif. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian lapangan dapat diketahui bahwa Besarnya jumlah mahar sangat mempengaruhi faktor hamil di luar nikah. Dalam adat kota Ende, mahar adalah pemberian wajib seorang suami kepada calon istrinya. Jumlah mahar sangat variatif antara suatu daerah dengan daerah lainnya. Hal ini disesuaikan dengan tradisi keluarga besar perempuan. Mahar ini tidak boleh dikurangi dari ketentuan adat yang berlaku, yang dilihat dari strata sosial, ekonomi dan pendidikan. Apabila besarnya mahar tersebut dikurangi dari ketentuan adat maka akan menimbulkan aib bagi keluarga mempelai pihak wanita. ENGLISH: Mahar or commonly called belis strongly related to systematic social life. This means that if no belis means no marriage. The research was conducted at the Ende Flores, East Nusa Tenggara. Belis, or lumrahnya known as a wedding dowry in marriage in other parts of Indonesia typically given spurious but not so in the Ende Flores, East Nusa Tenggara. Belis, also expressed as a dowry, dowry amount is exceeded in general. Ende on Flores society, dowry or even sometimes can be belis their livestock such as cattle or buffalo horse. Silver elephant ivory can be used belis for people in Ende Flores because it is considered very valuable. The research was conducted in the city of Ende Flores. The problem this study is the large number of belis or affect the dower pregnant at the Ende Flores East Nusa Tenggara and How do I determine the amount of dowry in marriage belis or society Ende Flores East Nusa Tenggara. The answers to these questions are expected to determine the effect of the amount of dowry to the occurrence of pregnancy outside of marriage in society Ende Flores and to know how to choose the amount of dowry in the city of Ende Flores. This research uses qualitative research. While the paradigm used is phenomenological paradigm. The method used in this study were observation, interviews, and documentation. To analyze the data, the researchers used a qualitative descriptive. Based on the results of field research can be seen that the large number of factors influence dowry pregnant out of wedlock. In the traditional town of Ende, dowry is a gift from a husband obliged to his future wife. The number of dowry is varied between one area to another. It is tailored to the family tradition of women. Mahar should not be deducted from the applicable customary provisions, the views of the social strata, economic and educational. When the dowry amount is reduced from the customary provisions would cause embarrassment to the family bride the woman

Dynamic modelling and sensitivity analysis of a tubular SOFC fuelled with NH3 as a possible replacement for H2

A dynamic model of an ammonia fed-tubular solid oxide fuel cell (NH 3-SOFC) is developed and presented. The model accounts for diffusion, inherent impedance, transport (heat and mass transfer), electrochemical reactions, activation and concentration polarizations of electrodes and the ammonia decomposition reaction. Sensitivity analyses are conducted upon the effects of design parameters on the fuel cell performance. Dynamic output voltage, fuel-cell-tube temperature and efficiency responses to step changes in the inlet fuel flow pressure with different values of design parameters are discussed. It is found that among the studied parameters, the inner cell tube diameter has the strongest effect on fuel cell efficiency. On the other hand, the influence of cathodic porosity on fuel cell performance and transient response is higher than that of the anodic porosity. The transient response with different sizes of micro and macro-structures is studied and it is observed that changing the fuel cell length has the most effect. Also NH 3-SOFC is compared with H 2-SOFC and it is found that the performance of the former is close to that of the latter thus signifying that ammonia is a suitable fuel for substituting in place of hydrogen

Modeling of a tubular-SOFC: the effect of the thermal radiation of fuel components and CO participating in the electrochemical process

A mathematical model based on first principles is developed to study the effect of heat and electrochemical phenomena on a tubul solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). The model accounts fordiffusion, inherent impedance, transport (momentum, heat and mass transfer) processes, internal reforming/shifting reaction, electrochemical processes, and potential losses (activation, concentration, and ohmic losses). Thermal radiation of fuel gaseous components is considered in detail in this work in contrast to other reported work in the literature. The effect of thermal radiation on SOFC performance is shown by comparing with a model without this factor. Simulation results indicate that at higher inlet fuel flow pressures and also larger SOFC lengths the effect of thermal radiation on SOFC temperature becomes more significant. In this study, the H2 and CO oxidation is also studied and the effect of CO oxidation on SOFC performance is reported. The results show that the model which accounts for the electrochemical reaction ofCO results in better SOFC performance than other reported models. This work also reveals that at low inlet fuel flow pressures the CO and H2 electrochemical reactions are competitive and significantly dependent on the CO/H2 ratio inside the triple phase boundary. © 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA,Weinheim

Multilinear-model predictive control of a tubular solid oxide fuel cell system

As solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are highly nonlinear systems, a single linear controller cannot perform satisfactorily over a wide range of operating conditions of the processes. This work studies multilinear-model predictive control of a tubular SOFC. The objective is to control the fuel cell outlet voltage over a wide range of operating conditions by manipulating inlet fuel pressure (flow rate). A first-principles model of an ammonia fed-tubular solid oxide fuel cell is used for the controller design. The model accounts for diffusion, inherent impedance, transport (momentum, heat and mass transfer), electrochemical reactions, activation and concentration polarizations, and the ammonia decomposition reaction. The servo and regulatory performances of the multimodel predictive controller (MMPC) are compared with those of a single-model predictive controller (SMPC) and a proportional-integral (PI) controller. For small load changes, the MMPC, SMPC, and PI controller all provide zero offset, and the MMPC yields the best closed-loop performance. However, for large load changes, the SMPC and PI controller fail to provide zero offset; under these two controllers the closed-loop system with the large load changes is unstable

Performance evaluation of biodiesel from used domestic waste oils: a review

Global warming, high-energy demand and availability of new technologies are among the factors catalyzing the search for alternative sources of energy. Currently, there is renewed interest in obtaining energy from wastes hitherto meant for disposal. Increased costs of disposal and their attendant problems of heavy environmental loading are some aspects making the disposal option unattractive. These wastes are sources of energy and among the several sources of generating this energy are the waste-to-energy (WTE) categories with potentials for useable fuel production. The WTE materials are mainly used domestic waste oils (UDWOs), municipal solid waste (MSW), agricultural and industrial wastes. However, the latter wastes are not attractive as they consist of innumerable hazardous contaminants. The UDWOs are arguably a safe and cost effective source of useable fuel. Their conversion offers the merits of a reduction in greenhouse gas emission (GHG), enhancing fuel diversification and a qualitatively comparable energy output to fossil diesel fuels. Thus, UDWOs could significantly contribute towards achieving the 2020 and 2030 goals of substituting approximately 20 and 30 of petro-diesel with biofuels in US and EU, respectively. Moreover, attaining the forecasted annual production rate of 227 billion liters of biofuel by most active stakeholders in the biodiesel industry could be easily achieved. This review aims to analyze the performance of biodiesel fuels obtained from UDWO and to demonstrate the suitability of applying these fuels as substitutes to mineral diesel in various industries. Benefits of UDWO as a biodiesel feedstock were as well highlighted. © 2012 The Institution of Chemical Engineers

Electrokinetic remediation of nickel from low permeability soil

Electrokinetic remediation of nickel from low permeability soil using titanium electrodes having inter-electrode spacing of 10 cm was carried out in a cylindrical reactor. The influences of current density, voltage gradient and electrolyte pH were investigated upon removal efficiency for 60 h experimental runs. Efficiency improved from 49.3 to 57.2 when the current density was increased from 4.36 mA/cm 2 to 13.1 mA/cm 2. Furthermore, an enhancement in efficiency from 38.5 to 54.3 was observed when voltage gradient increased from 1 V/cm to 2 V/cm (at 13.1 mA/cm 2). Further increase in voltage gradient to 2.5 V/cm improved efficiency during initial runs. However, an overall reduction of 3.2 was observed after 60 h of operation in comparison to that obtained at 2 V/cm. This may be attributed to precipitation and localized accumulation of metallic ions. An inverse relationship between efficiency and electrolyte pH was also observed (at 13.1 mA/cm 2 and 2 V/cm). Although a removal of 74.1 was achieved at pH = 4.5, the system required optimization as the nickel content in treated soil was above the maximum values given in international standards

Hydrogen production by Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in a two-stage process with and without illumination at alkaline pH

This work presents the results of a two-stage (carbon fixation and hydrogen production) experimental study for hydrogen production from microalgae using optical fiber as an internal light source. Effect of absence and presence of light on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii culture's pH shift is also evaluated. The culture pH value is a function of light intensity; the pH in the alkaline range changes from 7.5 to 9.5 in the presence and absence of optical fiber respectively. The maximum rate of hydrogen production in the presence of exogenic glucose and optical fiber is 6 mL/L-cult/hour, which is higher than other reported values. This study has also revealed that the presence of light reduces the lag time for hydrogen production from 12 to 5 h. Copyright (C) 2011, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Effect of varying the amount of binder on the electrochemical characteristics of palm shell activated carbon

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is among the most common binders used in the fabrication of an electrode, which is used for various electrochemical applications such as desalination, water purification, and wastewater treatment. In this study, the amount of the binder was varied at 10, 20, 30, and 40 wt% of the total mass of palm shell activated carbon (PSAC). The PSAC was used as the active material and carbon black was used as the conductive agent. The effect of different amounts of binder was observed by evaluating the electrochemical characteristics of the electrode through cyclic voltammetry (CV) and potentio electrochemical spectroscopy (PEIS). The CV analysis was employed to determine the geometric area normalised electrode double layer capacitance, CE, and the electrode reaction of the prepared electrode. Meanwhile, the common redox probe, ferro/ferricyanide in 0.5 M NaCl, was employed to estimate the electron transfer resistance through PEIS. The electrochemical characterisation proved that the optimum amount of PTFE was 20 wt% for the 4:1 ratio of active material to conductive agent. On increasing the amount of the binder to 30 wt% and 40 wt%, the estimated value of CE decreased and remained almost equivalent. Adding more than 30 wt% of binder resulted in pore blockage and reduced the available active site on the PSAC electrode. In addition, the electron transfer resistance of the prepared electrode was found to be in the range of 4-5 •cm2