Prevalence rate of hepatitis B virus in pregnancy: Implications from a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies published from 2000 to 2016

Background: Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) is one of the most serious infectious diseases and represents a major global health issue worldwide. It can be transmitted vertically and horizontally through contact with infected blood or body fluids. More attention to HBV infection in pregnancy is needed due to high risk of chronicity when transmitted to infants during delivery. Objectives: A comprehensive review of the HBV prevalence rate in pregnant females taking into account different geographical areas and socio-economic status is still lacking. This would be of crucial importance for HBV prevention and control programs. As such, this systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted focusing on HBV prevalence rate in pregnant females from different parts of the world. Methods: Different electronic databases, including Embase, PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and ISI/Web of Science were searched from January 1st 2000 to July 31st 2016, using relevant keywords, such as �prevalence� or �seroprevalence� or �epidemiology� and �pregnancy� or �pregnant� or �antenatal� in combination with �hepatitis B virus� or �HBV� with no language restrictions. The study protocol of this systematic review was deposited at the �International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews� and registered as CRD42016041985. Results: After scrutinizing all the extant scholarly literature from 2000 to 2016, this study found 222 relevant articles. The overall HBV prevalence rate in pregnant females worldwide was estimated using a random-effect model, giving a value of 3 (95 confidence interval or CI 2 - 4). Heterogeneity between studies was significantly high (I2 = 99.9, P < 0.0001). The clinical and epidemiological burden was higher in developing countries. Conclusions: This suggests that despite the recent scientific advancements and the clinical progress that has occurred in anti-viral therapy, HBV still represents a major issue worldwide, especially in underdeveloped countries. The key strategies for preventing transmission from pregnant females to their fetuses are through early birth dose and infant vaccination, as well as by the use of hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) and the screening and diagnosis of mothers at high risk and the subsequent use of anti-viral agents during pregnancy in order to reduce maternal DNA concentrations down to undetectable concentrations. Health authorities should effectively implement these approaches to better control HBV in pregnancy. © 2018, Hepatitis Monthly

Prevalence rate of hepatitis B virus in pregnancy: Implications from a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies published from 2000 to 2016

Background: Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) is one of the most serious infectious diseases and represents a major global health issue worldwide. It can be transmitted vertically and horizontally through contact with infected blood or body fluids. More attention to HBV infection in pregnancy is needed due to high risk of chronicity when transmitted to infants during delivery. Objectives: A comprehensive review of the HBV prevalence rate in pregnant females taking into account different geographical areas and socio-economic status is still lacking. This would be of crucial importance for HBV prevention and control programs. As such, this systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted focusing on HBV prevalence rate in pregnant females from different parts of the world. Methods: Different electronic databases, including Embase, PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and ISI/Web of Science were searched from January 1st 2000 to July 31st 2016, using relevant keywords, such as �prevalence� or �seroprevalence� or �epidemiology� and �pregnancy� or �pregnant� or �antenatal� in combination with �hepatitis B virus� or �HBV� with no language restrictions. The study protocol of this systematic review was deposited at the �International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews� and registered as CRD42016041985. Results: After scrutinizing all the extant scholarly literature from 2000 to 2016, this study found 222 relevant articles. The overall HBV prevalence rate in pregnant females worldwide was estimated using a random-effect model, giving a value of 3 (95 confidence interval or CI 2 - 4). Heterogeneity between studies was significantly high (I2 = 99.9, P < 0.0001). The clinical and epidemiological burden was higher in developing countries. Conclusions: This suggests that despite the recent scientific advancements and the clinical progress that has occurred in anti-viral therapy, HBV still represents a major issue worldwide, especially in underdeveloped countries. The key strategies for preventing transmission from pregnant females to their fetuses are through early birth dose and infant vaccination, as well as by the use of hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) and the screening and diagnosis of mothers at high risk and the subsequent use of anti-viral agents during pregnancy in order to reduce maternal DNA concentrations down to undetectable concentrations. Health authorities should effectively implement these approaches to better control HBV in pregnancy. © 2018, Hepatitis Monthly

New data on cave spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) of Iran, with new species and records

Zamani, Alireza, Darvishnia, Hamid, Marusik, Yuri M. (2023): New data on cave spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) of Iran, with new species and records. Zootaxa 5361 (3): 345-366, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5361.3.3, URL: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5361.3.3/5219

FIGURE 17 in New data on cave spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) of Iran, with new species and records

FIGURE 17. Partial map of Iran, showing the collection localities of the material reported in this study. 1 Ali Sheikh Cave; 2 Barreh Zard Cave; 3 Chehel Sotoon Cave; 4 Darreh-ye Ashkaft Cave; 5 Dengezlu Cave; 6 Gakal Cave; 7 Gelim Goosh Cave; 8 Hamzeh Zendan Cave; 9 Jabiglu Cave; 10 Kabootarlan Cave; 11 Kahman Cave; 12 Kerend Cave; 13 Khoffash Cave, Mar Kelga Cave; 14 Malek Cave, Markhareil Cave; 15 Mir Melas Cave; 16 Mooly Cave; 17 Pir Morad Cave; 18 Raad-e Gharbi Cave; 19 Tang-e Kaboutari; 20 Tang-e-Lor Cave; 21 Tang-e Zendan Cave; 22 Tashan Cave; 23 Torang Cave; 24 Var-e-Zamin Cave; 25 Yaran Cave.Published as part of <i>Zamani, Alireza, Darvishnia, Hamid & Marusik, Yuri M., 2023, New data on cave spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) of Iran, with new species and records, pp. 345-366 in Zootaxa 5361 (3)</i> on page 363, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5361.3.3, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10084538">http://zenodo.org/record/10084538</a&gt

Steatoda triangulosa

<i>Steatoda triangulosa</i> (Walckenaer, 1802) <p> <i>Aranea triangulosa</i> Walckenaer, 1802: 207.</p> <p>For a full list of references see the WSC (2023).</p> <p> <b>Material.</b> IRAN: <i>Ilam Province</i>: 3♀ (ZMUT), Sarabeleh, Zanjireh-ye Olya Vil., Var-e-Zamin Cave, outside of the cave, 33°49'01.70''N, 46°33'39.90''E, 1125 m, 15.VII.2014 (H. Darvishnia); <i>Kermanshah Province</i>: 2♀ (ZMUT), Kerend, Kerend Cave, 34°15'36.65''N, 46°17'21.84''E, 1662 m, 20.V.2016 (H. Darvishnia); 1 ♂ 1♀ 1j. (ZMUT), Razavar, Gelim Goosh Cave, 34°41'15.10"N, 46°52'40.10"E, 18.X.2016 (Y. Bakhshi).</p> <p> <b>Records in</b> <b>Iran.</b> Alborz, Gilan, Golestan, Isfahan, Mazandaran, Tehran, West Azerbaijan, and Zanjan (Zamani <i>et al</i>. 2022b). New records for Ilam and Kermanshah.</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> Transpalaearctic (the Iberian Peninsula to Japan). Introduced to Canada and USA (WSC 2023).</p>Published as part of <i>Zamani, Alireza, Darvishnia, Hamid & Marusik, Yuri M., 2023, New data on cave spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) of Iran, with new species and records, pp. 345-366 in Zootaxa 5361 (3)</i> on page 363, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5361.3.3, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10084538">http://zenodo.org/record/10084538</a&gt

Metellina orientalis

<i>Metellina orientalis</i> (Spassky, 1932) <p> <i>Meta orientalis</i> Spassky, 1932: 184, figs 5–8.</p> <p>For a full list of references see the WSC (2023).</p> <p> <b>Material.</b> IRAN: <i>East Azerbaijan Province</i>: 2♂ 2j. (ZMUT), Ajab Shir, Hamzeh Zendan Cave, 37°30'30.65"N, 46°00'39.07"E, 13.IX.2016 (Y. Bakhshi); <i>Ilam Province</i>: 6♂ 3♀ 3j. (ZMUT), Dehloran, Pahleh, Kabir Kuh, Malek Cave, 33°12'17.20''N, 47°03'17.50''E, 14.V.2016 (H. Darvishnia); 3♀ 1j. (ZMUT), same locality; 2♂ 2♀ 7j. (ZMUT), Sarabeleh, Chehel Sotoon Cave, 33°46'40.80''N, 46°37'42.50''E, 1541 m, 8.X.2014 (H. Darvishnia); <i>Isfahan Province</i>: 1♀ (ZMUT), Semirom, Dengezlu Cave, 30°51'N, 51°38'E, 2250 m, 27.IX.2016 (M.J. Malek-Hosseini); <i>Kermanshah Province</i>: 3♂ 1♀ (ZMUT), Kerend, Kerend Cave, 34°15'36.65''N, 46°17'21.84''E, 16.X.2016 (H. Darvishnia); <i>Kohgiluyeh</i> <i>&</i> <i>Boyer-Ahmad Province</i>: 1♀ 1j. (ZMUT), Gachsaran, Gakal Cave, 1100 m, 30°18'44.0"N, 51°09'28.0"E, XI.2017 (M.J. Malek Hosseini); <i>Lorestan Province</i>: 1♂ 1♀ (ZMUT), Aligudarz, Darreh-ye Ashkaft Cave, 33°13'21.3"N, 48°48'58.0"E, 20.X.2016 (Y. Bakhshi); 1♀ (ZMUT), Aleshtar, Kahman Cave, 33°57'12.20''N, 48°19'10.80''E, 1907 m, 24.V.2016 (H. Darvishnia); 1♂ 2♀ (ZMUT), Khorram Abad, Pir Morad Cave, 33°43'38.00"N, 48°26'18.20"E, 24.IX.2016 (H. Darvishnia); 1♂ 1j. (ZMUT), Borujerd, Tang-eLor Cave, 33°47'55.30"N, 48°37'11.20"E, 21.X.2016 (Y. Bakhshi); <i>West Azerbaijan Province</i>: 1♂ 2♀ (ZMUT), Miandoab, Jabiglu Cave, 36°55'N, 46°35'E, 15.IX.2016 (Y. Bakhshi); 1♂ (ZMUT), Khoy, Ali Sheikh Cave, 38°49'N, 44°34'E, 12.IX.2016 (Y. Bakhshi).</p> <p> <b>Records in</b> <b>Iran.</b> Fars, Isfahan, Kermanshah, Kohgiluyeh & Boyer-Ahmad, Mazandaran, and Tehran (Zamani <i>et al</i>. 2022b). New records for East Azerbaijan, Ilam, Lorestan, and West Azerbaijan.</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> Anatolia to Iran and western Turkmenistan (WSC 2023).</p>Published as part of <i>Zamani, Alireza, Darvishnia, Hamid & Marusik, Yuri M., 2023, New data on cave spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) of Iran, with new species and records, pp. 345-366 in Zootaxa 5361 (3)</i> on pages 360-361, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5361.3.3, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10084538">http://zenodo.org/record/10084538</a&gt

Odontodrassus mundulus

<i>Odontodrassus mundulus</i> (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872) <p>Figs 7B–C, 8A–C</p> <p> <i>Drassus mundulus</i> O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872: 234, pl. 15, fig. 11.</p> <p>For a full list of references see the WSC (2023).</p> <p> <b>Material.</b> IRAN: <i>Ilam Province</i>: 1♂ 1♀ 5j. (ZMUT), Dehloran, Khoffash Cave, 32°43'N, 47°18'E, 445 m, 8.IX.2014 (H. Darvishnia); 2♀ (ZMUT), same locality, 28.V.2014 (H. Darvishnia).</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> South Mediterranean (from Morocco) eastward to Iran (WSC 2023). Both the species and genus are new to Iran, with the current material representing the easternmost record of the species across its known range.</p>Published as part of <i>Zamani, Alireza, Darvishnia, Hamid & Marusik, Yuri M., 2023, New data on cave spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) of Iran, with new species and records, pp. 345-366 in Zootaxa 5361 (3)</i> on page 353, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5361.3.3, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10084538">http://zenodo.org/record/10084538</a&gt

Tegenaria pallens Zamani & Darvishnia & Marusik 2023, sp. n.

<i>Tegenaria pallens</i> Zamani & Marusik, sp. n. <p>Figs 1A–B, 2A–B, 3A‒C</p> <p> <b>Type material.</b> Holotype ♂ (ZMUT), IRAN: <i>Kohgiluyeh & Boyer-Ahmad Province</i>: Gachsaran, Gakal Cave, 1100 m, 30°18'44.0"N, 51°09'28.0"E, XI.2017 (M.J. Malek Hosseini). Paratypes: 1♂ 1♀ (ZMUT), same data as for the holotype.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The specific epithet is a Latin adjective, referring to the pale coloration of both sexes of this species.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> This species is most similar to <i>T</i>. <i>alamto</i> from western Iran, from which it differs by the angled anterior edge of the conductor (<i>vs</i>. roundly bent), the bulb (from posterior edge to embolus) being longer than it is wide (<i>vs</i>. as long as wide), the embolus base positioned at 8:30 o’clock (<i>vs</i>. 9:30), the roundly bent embolus (<i>vs</i>. the embolus bent at right angle), the relatively long conductor (cf. Fig. 2A and 2C), and the converging receptacles forming a right angle (<i>vs</i>. obtuse; cf. Fig. 3B and Zamani <i>et al</i>. 2018: fig. 11).</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> Male (Holotype). Habitus as in Fig. 1B. Total length 7.60. Carapace 3.40 long, 2.63 wide. Eye sizes: AME 0.14, ALE 0.17, PME 0.13, PLE 0.17. Cephalothorax and its appendages overall pale; pars cephalica, chelicerae, palps and femora I light brown. Chelicerae with 3 pro- and 3 retromarginal teeth.Abdomen and spinnerets light beige. Measurements of legs: I: 27.82 (7.50, 1.53, 7.50, 8.12, 3.17), II: 22.87 (6.20, 1.50, 5.76, 6.73, 2.68), III: 20.13 (5.50, 1.25, 4.78, 6.30, 2.30), IV: 25.37 (6.50, 1.45, 6.35, 8.37, 2.70). Spination: Palp: Fm: 3d. Legs: I: Fm: 2d, 4(5)pl, 2rl; Ti: 2pl, 2rl, 4v; Mt: 8t. II: Fm: 2d, 5pl, 2rl; Ti: 2pl, 2rl, 4v; Mt: 9t. III: Fm: 2d, 3pl, 2rl; Ti: 2d, 2pl, 2rl, 3v; Mt: 13t. IV: Fm: 1(2)d, 1pl, 1(2)rl; Ti: 2d, 2pl, 2rl, 4(6)v; Mt: 13t.</p> <p>Palp as in Fig. 2A–B; tibia ca. 2 times longer than wide, 2 times shorter than cymbium, with 2 apophyses: membranous and roundly bent on tip retrolateral apophysis, and well sclerotized retro-dorsal digitiform apophysis with pointed tip; cymbium ca. 2.2 times longer than wide, with tip comprising ca. half of cymbium’s length; bulb longer than wide; sperm duct running along edge of tegulum; tegular apophysis elongate, ca. half of cymbium's width, originates at ca. 4 o’clock position; conductor as long as wide, with stem ca. 0.33 of conductor’s anterior width, anterior edge of conductor angled; embolus filiform, roundly bent, originating at ca. 8:30 o’clock position.</p> <p>Female. Habitus as in Fig. 1A. Total length 8.90. Carapace 3.87 long, 2.70 wide. Eye sizes: AME 0.11, ALE 0.15, PME 0.12, PLE 0.16. Colouration as in male. Chelicerae with 3 pro- and 3 retromarginal teeth. Measurements of legs: I: 21.92 (5.96, 1.53, 5.76, 6.14, 2.53), II: 18.51 (5.13, 1.40, 4.65, 5.20, 2.13), III: 16.73 (4.60, 1.33, 3.95, 5.00, 1.85), IV: 21.67 (5.80, 1.37, 5.50, 6.80, 2.20). Spination: Palp: Fm: 3d. Legs: I: Fm: 2d, 4pl, 2rl; Ti: 2pl, 3rl, 4v; Mt: 7t. II: Fm: 2d, 4pl, 2rl; Ti: 2pl, 2rl, 4v; Mt: 9t. III: Fm: 2d, 2pl, 2rl; Ti: 2d, 2pl, 2rl, 5v; Mt: 11t. IV: Fm: 2d, 1pl, 1rl; Ti: 2d, 2pl, 2rl, 5v; Mt: 15t.</p> <p> Epigyne as in Fig. 3A–C; epigynal plate over 3 times wider than long; fovea oval, transverse; teeth indistinct; copulatory openings (<i>Co</i>) located on anterior edges of fovea; copulatory ducts seem coiled, forming 2 loops; receptacles oval, together with copulatory ducts converging and forming right angle.</p> <p> <b>Comment.</b> This is the first known Iranian agelenid species displaying a certain level troglomorphism (i.e., elongated appendages and depigmentation).</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> Known only from the type locality in Gakal Cave (Fig. 15C), Kohgiluyeh & Boyer-Ahmad Province, southwestern Iran (Fig. 17).</p>Published as part of <i>Zamani, Alireza, Darvishnia, Hamid & Marusik, Yuri M., 2023, New data on cave spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) of Iran, with new species and records, pp. 345-366 in Zootaxa 5361 (3)</i> on pages 348-351, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5361.3.3, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10084538">http://zenodo.org/record/10084538</a&gt

Tegenaria alamto Zamani, Marusik & Malek-Hosseini 2018

<i>Tegenaria alamto</i> Zamani, Marusik & Malek-Hosseini, 2018 <p>Fig. 2C</p> <p> <i>Tegenaria alamto</i> Zamani <i>et al.</i>, 2018: 95, figs 1–11.</p> <p> <i>Tegenaria alamto</i> Zamani & Marusik, 2019: 294, figs 3A, 5A–G.</p> <p> <b>Material.</b> IRAN: <i>Ilam Province</i>: 1♂ (ZMUT), 45 km of Ilam-Darreh Shahr road, Barreh Zard Cave (= Kona Tarikah), 33°29'N, 46°50'E, 2268 m, 14.VII.2014 (H. Darvishnia).</p> <p> <b>Records in Iran.</b> Ilam (Zamani <i>et al</i>. 2018).</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> Known only from the type locality in Barreh Zard Cave (Fig. 15A), Ilam Province, western Iran (Fig. 17).</p>Published as part of <i>Zamani, Alireza, Darvishnia, Hamid & Marusik, Yuri M., 2023, New data on cave spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) of Iran, with new species and records, pp. 345-366 in Zootaxa 5361 (3)</i> on page 347, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5361.3.3, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10084538">http://zenodo.org/record/10084538</a&gt