Transdermal hormone replacement therapy with nanostructured medicines

Objectives: Due to hormonal changes during the menopause, women experience a variety of perimenopause and postmenopause symptoms. This review examines the various aspects of nanostructured hormone therapy and its application in the treatments of menopausal symptoms. Material and methods: Excerpta Medica DataBase, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched basing on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Seven eligible studies out of 51 related papers, which satisfied the initial search criteria, were extracted and carefully reviewed to clarify the role of nanomedicine in maintaining postmenopausal women’s health. Results: Review of the seven eligible studies confirmed nanostructured hormone therapy as a safe and effective method for the alleviation of menopausal symptoms. According to the existing studies, nanostructured hormone therapy decreased the mean daily frequency and severity of menopausal symptoms. Conclusion: The use of transdermal nanoformulations in hormone therapy can relieve climacteric symptoms and prevent other postmenopausal symptoms

The Putative Role of Factor V Leiden and Prothrombin Mutations in Pregnancy Complications

Context: Thrombophilia is an inherited or acquired predisposition in developing thrombosis. The two common thrombophilia polymorphisms are factor V Leiden (FVL) and factor II/ prothrombin G20210A (PT) gene mutations which can contribute to negative pregnancy outcomes such as miscarriage, in-vitro fertilization (IVF) failure, preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), placental abruption, stillbirth, and pregnancy-associated venous thromboembolism. This review study sought to describe the effects of FVL and PT mutations on pregnancy complications. Evidence Acquisition: In this review study, a comprehensive search was performed on Iranian and international databases including MEDLINE, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Sciences, Proquest and Google Scholar for articles published during 1996-2018. Out of 220 reviewed articles, 80 papers were ultimately selected.Results: According to these 80 selected papers, the possible relations of PT and FVL with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) have been widely evaluated. Several studies indicated higher risk of recurrent early miscarriages, implantation failure and fetal loss after IVF among women with FVL and PT mutations.Conclusion: Observational studies have suggested the benefits of screening patients for thrombophilic polymorphisms in identification of women with higher risk of developing thromboembolic events and other related pregnancy complications. Based on such screening programs, prophylactic therapy can be limited to a selected group of women who truly need it. 

Comparison of Religious Orientation and Reproductive Performance of Employed and Unemployed Women

Abstract Introduction: In Iran the growing concern over low reproductive rates has led to alterations in demographic policies over recent years. The literature is indicated of different effects of women’s employed and religiosity on their reproductive performance. Present study aimed to Comprise religious orientation and reproductive performance of employed and non-employed women. Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted on 360 unemployed and employed women in healthcare centers affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and in schools of selected districts of Ministry of Education in Tehran, 2015. Three questionnaires including: demographic characteristics, religious orientation and reproductive performance were utilized for data collection. Results: The Mean ± SD number of children for unemployed women was 1.29±0.75, for women working at schools 1.68±0.71 and those working in healthcare centers was 1.08± 0.84 (P=0.001). The mean ideal number of children for women working at schools was significantly higher than that of unemployed women and employed women in healthcare centers and hospitals (P=0.001). The level of gender preference for a male child in the housewife group 21.7% (39) was higher than that of the employed groups and the majority of employed women in Ministry of Health 61.1%(55) and Ministry of Education 70%(63) had no gender preferences. Intention for childbearing in unemployed women 43.3% (78) was higher than in the employed ones. Religious orientation had significant and positive correlation with the number of children (P = 0.01, r = 0.13). Conclusions: Women’s employed is associated with their religious orientation and reproductive performance. This research took steps to identify the factors affecting the success of demographic policies

The Role of Children in Women’s Marital Satisfaction in Tehran, 2016

  Introduction: One of the important factors affecting women’s satisfaction with their marital life and the stability of family foundation is children. Several studies on the impact of the number and gender of children on marital satisfaction have shown conflicting results. This study is intended to explore the role of children on women’s marital satisfaction. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 264 married women living in Tehran. Data collection tool was a two-part questionnaire containing demographic information and the modified version of Enrich marital satisfaction scale. Data analyzed by SPSS software, version 17. Indeed, Chi-square, Mann-Whitney and Kolmogorov- Smirnov tests and linear regression were employed. Significance level was taken 0.05. Results: The results suggested that mean ± standard deviation [1] of marital satisfaction score for all research units was 37.28 ± 6.24. Generally, the average score of marital satisfaction for women without any children was higher compared to those with one or two children. Moreover, women whose first child was a girl had a higher average score in marital satisfaction than those whose first child was a boy. According to the results of multiple linear regression model, a significant predictor of women’s marital satisfaction was the gender of the first baby (P = 0.01). Conclusions: The results demonstrated that generally women with no child had higher marital satisfaction and the gender of the child in our research community played a determinant role in their marital satisfaction. Analytical studies in which the intervening variables are controlled are recommended

The Relationship between Health Locus of Control and Iranian Women’s Beliefs toward Pap Smear Screening

Background: Cervical cancer has a high prevalence and mortality, while early diagnosis greatly reduces its complications. Therefore, it is important to identify the factors affecting the screening of cervical cancer. Studies have shown that health locus of control plays an important role in beliefs about screening. This study aimed to identify the correlation between health locus of control and beliefs about Pap smear among women. Methods: This was a descriptive study which was conducted cross-sectionally. It was conducted on 250 married women who had the inclusion criteria and attended health centers selected by Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Oct. 2017 to February 2018 (a period of 5 months). Data collection tools included a demographic information questionnaire, multidimensional health locus of control scale, and the Pap Smear Belief Questionnaire (PSBQ). Data analysis was carried out through SPSS (v.17) using statistical tests including correlation and regression. The significance level was considered 0.05. Results: Among the participants, 50.8% never had a history of undergoing a Pap smear test. The mean scores for the internal health locus of control (IHLC), chance health locus of control (CHLC), and powerful others health locus of control (PHLC) were 22.59±5.32, 22.84±4.65 , and 24.54±4.28, respectively. The total score for the Pap smear belief had a significant positive correlation with two dimensions: IHLC (r=0.209, P=0.001) and PHLC (r=0.216, P=0.001). In addition, based on the results of the linear regression analysis, the scores of IHLC (R2=0.03, P=0.004), PHLC (R2=0.036, P=0.003), and CHLC (R2=0.16, P=0.04) were the predictors of the total score for the Pap smear belief. Conclusion: Our results showed that all dimensions of the health locus of control were the predictors of belief in women’s Pap smear screening. It is necessary that health care providers hold programs for health locus control of cervix cancer prevention in Iranian women