Influence of atmospheric conditions on surface salinity and sea temperature in the Adriatic in September for the period from 2010. to 2019.

U ovom radu analiziran je utjecaj atmosferskih čimbenika (temperature zraka i oborine) na temperaturu mora i salinitet te strujanje u Jadranskom moru za mjesec rujan u razdoblju od 2010. do 2019. godine. Prikazana je višegodišnja varijabilnost prostorne raspodjele temperature mora i saliniteta na dubini od 5 m, te strujanja na 5 i 20 m dubine. Podatci saliniteta i temperature na 5 m dubine dobiveni su višegodišnjim terenskim uzorkovanjem korištenjem CTD sonde, polja struja su produkt numeričke reanalize Copernicus programa, dok su podatci o temperaturi zraka i oborina rezultat klimatološke analize mjerenja na postajama Državnog hidrometeorološkog zavoda. Za promatrano razdoblje uočena je iznimna višegodišnja varijabilnost srednje temperature zraka i količine oborina te površinske temperature. Osim atmosferskih čimbenika na svojstva Jadranskog mora je utjecalo i Sredozemno more kroz komunikaciju preko Otrantskih vrata. U promatranom razdoblju zabilježen je porast saliniteta što je rezultiralo rekordnim vrijednostima saliniteta koje su bile veće od ranije izmjerenih.In this paper, the influence of atmospheric factors (air temperature and precipitation) on sea temperature and salinity and currents in the Adriatic Sea is analyzed for the month of September in the period from 2010 to 2019. Long-term variability of the spatial distribution of sea temperature and salinity at 5 m depth and currents at 5 and 20 m depth is presented. The data on salinity and temperature at 5 m depth were obtained by multi-year field sampling with CTD probes, the current fields are the product of numerical reanalysis of the Copernicus program, while the data on air temperature and precipitation are the result of climatological analysis of measurements at Croatian meteorological and hydrological service stations. Exceptional multiyear variability in the mean air temperature and precipitation, as well as in the surface temperature, was found for the observed period. In addition to atmospheric factors, the characteristics of the Adriatic Sea were also influenced by the Mediterranean Sea through the Strait of Otranto. An increase in salinity was observed during the observed period, leading to record salinity values, higher than those previously measured

Meiofauna and climate change

Kako bi se što bolje prikazali utjecaji globalnih promjena na morske ekosustave, od obalnih do dubokomorskih staništa, koriste se organizmi-modeli koji prikazuju posljedice tih promjena. U ovom radu su navedeni primjeri istraživanja u kojima se koriste organizmi meiofaune kako bi se prikazale posljedice klimatskih promjena i antropogenih utjecaja.In order to describe better the impacts of global change on marine ecosystems, from coastal to deep-sea habitats, model organisms are used as thay show the consequences of these changes. This paper provides examples of researches using meiofauna organisms in order to show the effects of climate change and anthropogenic impacts

Meiofauna and climate change

Kako bi se što bolje prikazali utjecaji globalnih promjena na morske ekosustave, od obalnih do dubokomorskih staništa, koriste se organizmi-modeli koji prikazuju posljedice tih promjena. U ovom radu su navedeni primjeri istraživanja u kojima se koriste organizmi meiofaune kako bi se prikazale posljedice klimatskih promjena i antropogenih utjecaja.In order to describe better the impacts of global change on marine ecosystems, from coastal to deep-sea habitats, model organisms are used as thay show the consequences of these changes. This paper provides examples of researches using meiofauna organisms in order to show the effects of climate change and anthropogenic impacts

Influence of atmospheric conditions on surface salinity and sea temperature in the Adriatic in September for the period from 2010. to 2019.

U ovom radu analiziran je utjecaj atmosferskih čimbenika (temperature zraka i oborine) na temperaturu mora i salinitet te strujanje u Jadranskom moru za mjesec rujan u razdoblju od 2010. do 2019. godine. Prikazana je višegodišnja varijabilnost prostorne raspodjele temperature mora i saliniteta na dubini od 5 m, te strujanja na 5 i 20 m dubine. Podatci saliniteta i temperature na 5 m dubine dobiveni su višegodišnjim terenskim uzorkovanjem korištenjem CTD sonde, polja struja su produkt numeričke reanalize Copernicus programa, dok su podatci o temperaturi zraka i oborina rezultat klimatološke analize mjerenja na postajama Državnog hidrometeorološkog zavoda. Za promatrano razdoblje uočena je iznimna višegodišnja varijabilnost srednje temperature zraka i količine oborina te površinske temperature. Osim atmosferskih čimbenika na svojstva Jadranskog mora je utjecalo i Sredozemno more kroz komunikaciju preko Otrantskih vrata. U promatranom razdoblju zabilježen je porast saliniteta što je rezultiralo rekordnim vrijednostima saliniteta koje su bile veće od ranije izmjerenih.In this paper, the influence of atmospheric factors (air temperature and precipitation) on sea temperature and salinity and currents in the Adriatic Sea is analyzed for the month of September in the period from 2010 to 2019. Long-term variability of the spatial distribution of sea temperature and salinity at 5 m depth and currents at 5 and 20 m depth is presented. The data on salinity and temperature at 5 m depth were obtained by multi-year field sampling with CTD probes, the current fields are the product of numerical reanalysis of the Copernicus program, while the data on air temperature and precipitation are the result of climatological analysis of measurements at Croatian meteorological and hydrological service stations. Exceptional multiyear variability in the mean air temperature and precipitation, as well as in the surface temperature, was found for the observed period. In addition to atmospheric factors, the characteristics of the Adriatic Sea were also influenced by the Mediterranean Sea through the Strait of Otranto. An increase in salinity was observed during the observed period, leading to record salinity values, higher than those previously measured

Meiofauna and climate change

Kako bi se što bolje prikazali utjecaji globalnih promjena na morske ekosustave, od obalnih do dubokomorskih staništa, koriste se organizmi-modeli koji prikazuju posljedice tih promjena. U ovom radu su navedeni primjeri istraživanja u kojima se koriste organizmi meiofaune kako bi se prikazale posljedice klimatskih promjena i antropogenih utjecaja.In order to describe better the impacts of global change on marine ecosystems, from coastal to deep-sea habitats, model organisms are used as thay show the consequences of these changes. This paper provides examples of researches using meiofauna organisms in order to show the effects of climate change and anthropogenic impacts

Observation of Abrupt Changes in the Sea Surface Layer of the Adriatic Sea

We observed interannual changes in the temperature and salinity of the surface layer of the Adriatic Sea when measured during the period 2005–2020. We observed non-stationarity and a positive linear trend in the series of mixed layer depth, heat storage, and potential energy anomalies. This non-stationarity was related to the climate regime that prevailed between 2011 and 2017. We observed significant changes in the interannual variability of salinity above and below the mixed layer depth and a positive difference in the surface barrier layer. In an effort to reconstruct the cause of this phenomenon, a multi-stage investigation was conducted. The first suspected culprit was the change in wind regime over the Mediterranean and Northeast Atlantic regions in September. Using the growing neural gas algorithm, September wind fields over the past 40 years were classified into nine distinct patterns. Further analysis of the CTD data indicated an increase in heat storage, a physical property of the Adriatic Sea known to be strongly influenced by the inflow of warm water masses controlled by the bimodal oscillating system (BiOS). The observed increase in salinity confirmed the assumption that BiOS activity affects heat storage. Unexpectedly, this analysis showed that an inverse vertical salinity profile was present during the summer months of 2015, 2017, and 2020, which can only be explained by salinity changes being a dominant factor. In addition, the aforementioned wind regime caused an increase in energy loss through latent energy dissipation, contributing to an even larger increase in salinity. While changes in the depth of the mixed layer in the Adriatic are usually due to temperature changes, this phenomenon was primarily caused by abrupt changes in salinity due to a combination of BiOS and local factors. This is the first record of such an event

Observation of Abrupt Changes in the Sea Surface Layer of the Adriatic Sea

We observed interannual changes in the temperature and salinity of the surface layer of the Adriatic Sea when measured during the period 2005–2020. We observed non-stationarity and a positive linear trend in the series of mixed layer depth, heat storage, and potential energy anomalies. This non-stationarity was related to the climate regime that prevailed between 2011 and 2017. We observed significant changes in the interannual variability of salinity above and below the mixed layer depth and a positive difference in the surface barrier layer. In an effort to reconstruct the cause of this phenomenon, a multi-stage investigation was conducted. The first suspected culprit was the change in wind regime over the Mediterranean and Northeast Atlantic regions in September. Using the growing neural gas algorithm, September wind fields over the past 40 years were classified into nine distinct patterns. Further analysis of the CTD data indicated an increase in heat storage, a physical property of the Adriatic Sea known to be strongly influenced by the inflow of warm water masses controlled by the bimodal oscillating system (BiOS). The observed increase in salinity confirmed the assumption that BiOS activity affects heat storage. Unexpectedly, this analysis showed that an inverse vertical salinity profile was present during the summer months of 2015, 2017, and 2020, which can only be explained by salinity changes being a dominant factor. In addition, the aforementioned wind regime caused an increase in energy loss through latent energy dissipation, contributing to an even larger increase in salinity. While changes in the depth of the mixed layer in the Adriatic are usually due to temperature changes, this phenomenon was primarily caused by abrupt changes in salinity due to a combination of BiOS and local factors. This is the first record of such an event