Klinikinė psichologija Lietuvoje

The situation and development of clinical psychology in Lithuania is inextricably related to the socio-political situation of the country and its rather dramatic history. The article describes the beginnings of Professional psychology in Lithuania after re-establishing and independent state in 1918, the situation of psychology under the soviet occupation, the beginning of clinical psychology, the new development of clinical psychology after regaining independence in 1 991, and the present situations and problems of clinical psychology in Lithuania.Klinikinės psichologijos raida Lietuvoje yra glaudžiai susijusi su sociopolitine šalies situacija ir jos sudėtinga istorija. Straipsnis pristato profesionalios psichologijos pradžią po Nepriklausomybės paskelbimo 1918, situacija Sovietinės okupacijos metu, klinikinės psichologijos pradžia, naujos kryptys po Nepriklausomybės atkūrimo 1991 m. ir dabartinė situacija bei problemos

Savižudybių pateikimas pagrindiniuose Lietuvos dienraščiuose 1994 ir 1996 metais

The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of issuing guidelines for suicide reporting on the actual practice of reporting in three main dailies of Lithuania. In 1994 we conducted 12 months survey of suicide reporting in “Lietuvos rytas”, “Lietuvos aidas” and “Respublika”. In 1995 the results were presented in written guidelines for suicide reporting and in the seminars for journalists. Following this intervention, a second, identical evaluation of suicide reporting covering three major dailies was carried out during the year 1996. The main variables on form, content and style of the newspaper reports before and after the intervention were compared (588 reports). In 1996 1,7 times more publications on suicide were published. Positive and negative changes in the quality of reporting were found in the second period of analysis. It is possible that the results were affected not only by the action of suicidologists, but also by the political action of one of the deputies of Lithuanian Seimas, who declared the intention to burn himself. This aroused a rather hot reaction in the society and in the newspapers.Tyrimo tikslas buvo įvertinti savižudybių pateikimo gairių efektyvumą žurnalistinėje praktikoje trijuose pagrindiniuose Lietuvos dienraščiuose. 1994 metais atlikome 12 mėnesių savižudybių pateikimų apžvalgą „Lietuvos ryte”, „Lietuvos aide” ir „Respublikoje”. 1995 metais rezultatai pristatyti rašytinėse savižudybių pateikimo gairėse bei seminaruose žurnalistams. Po šios intervencijos, antra, identiška savižudybių pateikimo apžvalga, trijuose pagrindiniuose dienraščiuose, atlikta 1996 metais. Buvo palyginti pagrindiniai formos, turinio ir stiliaus kintamieji dienraščio straipsniuose prieš ir po intervencijos (558  straipsniai). 1996 metais 1.7 daugiau kartų buvo spausdinti pranešimai apie savižudybes. Buvo pastebėti tiek teigiami, tiek neigiami pokyčiai pateikimo kokybėje, antrojo tyrimo etapo metu. Rezultatai galimai buvo paveikti ne tik suicidologų veiksmų, bet ir politinių vieno Lietuvos Seimo nario veiksmų, kuomet jis teigė susideginsiąs. Tai sukėlė gana stiprią reakciją visuomenėje bei spaudoje

Vartojančiųjų psichoaktyvias medžiagas mėginimų nusižudyti tipai

Research regarding the role of psychoactive substance use in the process of suicide is lacking in current sui­cidology. In addition to this, evidence shows that im­pulsive suicide attempts are common among substance users. However there is no clear understanding of the impulsive suicide process. That makes it difficult to combine results of different studies and create clear guidelines for impulsive suicide risk evaluation. The purpose of this research is to depict the impulsive and non-impulsive process of suicide among psychoactive substance users.  The participants of the study were 15 psycho­active substance (10 – alcohol, 5 – drug) users, who had attempted suicide during the last year. 8 of them attempted once, 4 – two or three times, other 3 – more than 5 times. All participants – 4 women and 11 men were patients from Vilnius Centre for Addictive Disorders and Vilnius Mental Health Centre. Quali­tative interviews based on Suicide Intent Scale were conducted about the suicide attempt or attempts. A thematic analysis of the interviews was used to depict the process of suicide. This study led to distinguishing 3 different types of attempted suicide – planned, unplanned and suicide attempts during a “blackout” – which are typical for psychoactive substance users. Both unplanned suicide attempts and suicide attempts during a “blackout” can be called impulsive, though the latter diverged by their hastiness, aggressiveness, inability to control one’s behaviour, intensive feeling of anger, serious danger caused to health and wellbeing, as well as a follo­wing amnesia of a major part of the suicide attempt. Intensive emotions, especially anger and stressors in interpersonal relationships, had a major impact for the respondents in the process of suicide. According to the participants of the survey, substance use had intensified their suicidal crisis having a clear effect on their emotional, relationship and other difficulties. In addition, alcohol and drug use was considered as one of the suicide methods. Despite several restrictions of the research, the study results provide some valuable insight in the suicide risk evaluation among psycho­active substance users.Suicidologijoje stokojama duomenų apie psichoaktyvių medžiagų vartojimo vaidmenį savižudybės procese bei impulsyvių ir neimpulsyvių mėginimų nusižudyti skirtumus. Šiame tyrime atlikta 15 vartojančių alkoholį arba narkotikus asmenų, per paskutinius metus mėginusių nusižudyti, kokybinių interviu teminė analizė. Tyrimas leido išskirti ne du, kaip aprašoma literatūroje, o tris mėginimų nusižudyti tipus, būdingus vartojantiems psichoaktyvias medžiagas: planuoti, neplanuoti ir mėginimai nusižudyti „aptemus sąmonei“, ir aprašyti visiems jiems būdingus bruožus. Nepaisant kai kurių ribotumų, šis tyrimas gali pasiūlyti vertingų įžvalgų vertinant vartojančių psichoaktyvias medžiagas asmenų suicidinę riziką

Apie savižudybes rašančių žurnalistų požiūris į specialistų rekomendacijas bei jų laikytis palankūs ir nepalankūs veiksniai

Lithuania has one of the highest suicide rates in the world, but the issue hasn’t been properly addressed at the state level. Scientists have demonstrated that the inappropriate media portrayal of suicide can lead to imitative suicidal behavior. Specialists who understood the impact that the media reporting on suicide may cause have set up and started distributing recommendations for reporting on suicide. Recent findings show that the Lithuanian media has not yet developed the practice of responsible reporting on suicide, but there are signs that the situation is slowly improving (Eimontas, 2013). Studies from around the world show that there are several factors that contribute to the way reporters use and appreciate the guideliness for reporting on suicide. The purpose of the present study was to explore the attitudes towards suicide of the Lithuanian journalists who have written most about suicide during the years 2010 and 2011 and to identify both favourable and unfavourable factors for compliance with the guidelines.Methods. After analyzing 721 articles about suicide written in 2010–2011, we identified 50 journalists who covered the topic of suicide most often. The total of 12 reporters had been interviewed. Six of them were selected from those who have written the majority of articles about suicide (which did not conform to the guideliness) during the years 2010 and 2011. Six others were selected from the ones that have reported on suicide many times during the period, but their articles did conform to the guidelines. A thematic analysis was used to examine the data gathered during the interviews.Results. In this study, four out of 12 (33 percent) journalists who have written most often about suicide in 2010–2011 were not aware of the recommendations for reporting on suicide. The thematic analysis of the interviews with journalists has allowed to distinguish at least five factors that help to explain what factors influence whether journalists would use the guidelines when reporting on suicide. These factors are: personal characteristics of a journalist, journalists’ experience with suicide, knowledge about suicide, attitudes towards suicide, as well as guidelines and external influences (such as the editor, or the policy of the editorial office).Mokslininkai jau seniai yra įrodę, kad netinkamas savižudybės vaizdavimas žiniasklaidoje gali paskatinti imitacinį savižudišką elgesį. Suprasdami, kokį poveikį gali sukelti žiniasklaidos pateikiama informacija apie savižudybes, mokslininkai jau seniai parengė ir pradėjo platinti rekomendacijas rašantiems apie savižudybes. Šio tyrimo tikslas buvo atskleisti daugiausia apie savižudybes rašančių žurnalistų požiūrį į specialistų rekomendacijas rašantiems apie savižudybes ir veiksnius, kurie lemia, kaip straipsniuose bus pateikta savižudybė. Iš 12 tyrime dalyvavusių daugiausia 2010 ir 2011 metais savižudybės tema rašiusių žurnalistų 4 (33 proc.) nežinojo, kad yra tokios rekomendacijos rašantiems apie savižudybes. Interviu su žurnalistais teminė analizė leido išskirti bent 5 veiksnius, kurie galbūt lemia, ar rašant savižudybių tema vadovaujamasi specialistų rekomendacijomis: tai rekomendacijų žinomumas, požiūris į jas, asmeninės žurnalisto savybės, sąlytis su savižudybe ir išorinis poveikis

Nuostatų savižudybių atžvilgiu klausimyno (ATTS) lietuviškoji versija

Several psychological models explaining formation of attitudes towards suicide and their influence on suicidal behaviour have been developed recently. Reliable an valid instruments measuring attitudes towards suicide are needed to test these models. There are several well known questionnaires in this field: Suicide Opinion Questionnaire (SOQ; Domino et al., 1982), Suicide Attitude Questionnaire (SUIATT; Diekstra & Kerkhof, 1988). Both these questionnaires have methodological or practical disadvantages that were taken into account when developing a new instrument – Attitudes Towards Suicide Questionnaire (ATTS; Salander Renberg & Jacobsson, 1998).Objective: Lithuanian version of ATTS was created in 2001 and was used in a number of studines since then. Availability of large data pool (N = 1259) collected with Lithuanian version of ATTS has created a good opportunity for examining reliability and validity issues of the instrument, which is the aim of this study.Method: The data for the present study was taken from studies conducted in the framework of European multicenter research project SUPPORT. Sample consisted of 16 target groups that were studied with the Lithuanian version of ATTS: army conscripts (N = 368), army sergeants (N = 106), army officers (N = 44), medicine students (N = 103), students of priest seminaries (N = 68), catholic religion students (N = 63), psychology students (N = 137), members and mayors of Municipality Councils (N = 55), students of journalism (N = 43), journalists (N = 43), volunteers of psychological help-line (N = 43), suicide attempters (N = 40), personnel of emergency hospital (N = 39), homosexual and bisexual men (N = 30), alcohol dependant patients (N = 38), alcohol dependant patients undergoing Minnesota rehabilitation program (N = 39). A test-retest survey was performed in a sample of medicine students (N = 30) in order to evaluate temporal stability of ATTS Lithuanian version.Results: Confirmatory factor analysis (implemented through SEM) hasn’t confirmed the original ATTS factor model obtained by developers in Sweden. However, an exploratory factor analysis produced 5 factor model (explaining 53.5% of total variance), which is very similar at face value to other proposed ATTS factor models. Internal consistency of this model is satisfactory (Cronbach alpha – 0.68). Differences between attitudes of suicidal and non-suicidal individuals are regarded as support for criterion validity of the instrument. ICC coefficients from test-retest study are satisfactory (ranging from 0.62 to 0.87) for three ATTS factors. The remaining have demonstrated low testretest reliability (ICC coefficients are 0.48 and 0.59).Conclusions: psychometric properties of Lithuanian ATTS version were found to be satisfactory, although structural validity indicators were somewhat controversial and two factors have demonstrated low test-retest coefficients. Lithuanian ATTS version can be used for scientific research of attitudes towards suicide.Tyrimu siekiama nustatyti ir įvertinti nuostatų savižudybių atžvilgiu klausimyno ATTS lietuviškosios versijos psichometrines charakteristikas. Tyrime naudojama imtis (N = 1259) sudaryta iš 16 tikslinių grupių, tirtų ATTS metodikos lietuviškąja versija nuo 2001 m. Patvirtinančioji faktorinė analizė nepatvirtino metodikos autorių Švedijoje nustatyto faktorinio modelio. Tačiau atlikus tiriamąją faktorinę analizę, gautas 5 faktorių modelis (paaiškinantis 53,5 proc. bendrosios kintamųjų dispersijos), išoriškai yra panašesnis į kitus taikomus ATTS faktorinius modelius. Šio modelio vidinis suderinamumas – geras (Cronbacho alpha – 0,68). Tyrimo metu aptiki skirtumai tarp suicidiškų ir nesuicidiškų tyrimo dalyvių nuostatų yra traktuojami kaip vienas iš kriterinio metodikos validumo patvirtinimų. Siekiant įvertinti ATTS lietuviškosios versijos stabilumą bėgant laikui, buvo atliktas pakartotinis tyrimas (angl. test-retest) – tirta medicinos studentų imtis (N = 30). Šio tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad trijų faktorių stabilumas yra pakankamas (koreliacijos koeficientai nuo 0,62 iki 0,87), tačiau likusių dviejų faktorių stabilumo rodikliai – menki (0,48 ir 0,59). Apibendrinus visus tyrimo rezultatus daroma išvada, kad lietuviškosios ATTS versijos patikimumas bei validumas laikomi patenkinamais ir metodika gali būti toliau naudojama mokslinių tyrimų tikslais.&nbsp

Subjektyvaus trauminio patyrimo ir potrauminio augimo bei potrauminio streso sutrikimo sąsajos

Objectives: The notion that traumatic experiences may have an impact on the human mind is very old. Recent developments in psychotraumatology shifted the approach to a trauma from a purely negative to a more positive perspective. Research confirmed that traumatic events may lead not only to posttraumatic stress or other disorders but also to positive changes. The present research was based on the concept of Posttraumatic Growth developed by Calhoun and Tedeschi (1996), which is widely known in the field of traumatic stress. Although the number of Posttraumatic Growth (PTG) research is growing rapidly, little is known about Posttraumatic Growth predictors. The present research was designed to find out the links between Posttraumatic Growth, Posttraumatic Stress and initial reactions to the traumatic event. We set up two goals of the study: 1) evaluation of how initial traumatic reactions predict PTG, and 2) assessment of links between PTG and PTSD. Methods: A group of 104 university students exposed to at least one-lifetime traumatic event participated in the study. The average time gap between exposure to a traumatic event and the time of research was 43 months. The intensity of initial reactions to a traumatic event was measured using a 10-item self-rating inventory developed by the authors of the present study. The Subjective Traumatic Experience (STE) inventory consisted of items covering cognitive, emotional and physiological reactions to a traumatic event. Posttraumatic Growth was measured using the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PGI) developed by Tedeschi and Calhoun (1996). Previous research showed satisfactory psychometric properties of the Lithuanian version of PGI (Gailienė & Kazlauskas, 2005). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder was measured using the Lithuanian version of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R). A recent validation of the IES-R on Lithuanian population showed its good psychometric properties (Kazlauskas et al., 2006). Results: Correlation analysis revealed positive correlations among all three variables – PTG, STE and PTSD. Path analysis with two path models from STE to PTG and from STE to PTSD provided an adequate fit to the data χ2(1) = 1.62; p = .20; RMSEA = .077; NFI = .95; CFI = 1.0. Subjective traumatic experiences predicted Posttraumatic Growth (β= .32; T = 3.35) and PTSD (β = .42; T = 4.62). The modified model with correlations between PTG and PTSD added provided an ideal fit, but changes of the model were not significant: χ2difference (1) = 1.62; p > .05. Path analysis was made using LISREL software. Conclusions: The most significant predictor of both PTSD, and PTG was the intensity of initial reactions to a traumatic experience. While we found a weak but significant correlation between PTG and PTSD, the Path analysis has revealed that PTG and PTSD are rather distinct posttraumatic processes, both predicted by a traumatic event.Potrauminis augimas yra teigiami psichologiniai padariniai po traumos, kurie pasireiškia savęs suvokimo, požiūrio į pasaulį ir tarpasmeninių santykių pokyčiais (Tedeschi and Calhoun, 1996). Pozityvūs procesai po traumos dar tik pradedami tyrinėti, todėl nėra žinoma, kokios yra potrauminio augimo (PTA), trauminio įvykio intensyvumo ir potrauminio streso sutrikimo (PTSS) sąsajos. Siekiant įvertinti ryšius tarp trauminės patirties ir PTSS bei PTA, buvo ištirti 104 studentiško amžiaus jaunuoliai, per savo gyvenimą patyrę bent vieną trauminį įvykį. Tako analizės modelis parodė, kad subjektyvus trauminės patirties intensyvumasyra veiksnys, reikšmingai prognozuojantis tiek PTSS, tiek PTA. Kuo reakcija į trauminį įvykį yra stipresnė, tuo labiau išreikšti PTSS ir PTA požymiai. Nustatytas nestiprus teigiamas ryšys tarp PTSS ir PTA parodė, kad, norėdami geriau suprasti, kaip jaučiasi asmenys po traumos, turime atsižvelgti ir į teigiamus (PTA), ir į neigiamus (PTSS) traumos padarinius

Nevilties lygis, nuostatos savižudybių atžvilgiu ir suicidinė rizika

Objectives: There is a substantial level of evidence that affirmative attitudes towards suicide are connected to suicidality (suicide ideation, suicide attempts and completed suicide). Hopelessness is proved to be one of the best available predictors of the suicide risk. A hypothesis that attitudes can serve as mediating variable between hopelessness and suicidality was proposed in recent studies (Gibb et al., 2006). The main aim of this study is to test the hypothesis that interaction between attitudes towards suicide and hopelessness will be a better predictor of suicidality than hopelessness.Methods: Different aspects of attitudes towards suicide and suicidality were measured with Questionnaire on Attitudes Towards Suicide (ATTS). Hopelessness level was assessed with Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS). The study was conducted in the sample of Lithuanian army conscripts (N = 368) aged between 18 and 26 (mean age was 20.46; SD = 1.29).Results: Suicidality index significantly correlated both with hopelessness (r = .45, p < .01) and various aspects of attitudes towards suicide. The strongest correlation was between acceptance of suicide and suicidality index (r = .36, p < .01), but we have also found significant correlations between five other aspects of attitudes and suicidality. Significant correlations between hopelessness and various aspects of attitudes towards suicide were found. Variables using hierarchical stepwise model were entered into multiple regression model. Hopelessness accounted for 21.1% of suicidality variance. Attitudes towards suicide, added into regression model on second step, increased prediction of suicidality to 34.2%.Conclusions: Results of this study show that different aspects of attitudes towards suicide correlate with the suicide risk. Correlation between hopelessness and suicidality was confirmed as well. Finally, the results indicate that attitudes towards suicide are significant predictors of suicide risk. Interaction of attitudes towards suicide and hopelessness predicts suicide risk better than hopelessness. Results of present study have confirmed, that attitudes towards suicide are significant mediators between hopelessness and suicidality.Remdamiesi ankstesnių tyrimų rezultatais keliame prielaidą, kad nuostatos savižudybių atžvilgiu yra svarbus kintamasis įvertinant savižudybės riziką (suicidiškumą) – nevilties lygis ir nuostatos savižudybių atžvilgiu geriau prognozuoja tiriamųjų savižudybės riziką negu tik nevilties lygis. Hipotezė yra tikrinama jaunų vyrų, atliekančių privalomąją karinę tarnybą, imtyje (N = 368). Tyrimo metu nustatyta, kad įvairūs nuostatų savižudybių atžvilgiu aspektai ir nevilties lygis yra reikšmingai susiję su tiriamųjų suicidiškumu. Stipriausiai su suicidiškumu koreliavo savižudybės priimtinumas (r = 0,36, p < 0,01). Taikant hierarchinę daugiamatę regresiją nustatyta, kad nevilties lygis prognozuoja 21,1 proc. suicidiškumo kintamojo variacijos, o nevilties lygis kartu su nuostatomis savižudybės atžvilgiu – 34,2 proc. Gauti rezultatai patvirtino prielaidą, kad nevilties lygio ir nuostatų savižudybių atžvilgiu sąveika vyrų suicidiškumą prognozuoja geriau, negu nevilties lygis atskirai

Potrauminio streso sutrikimą turinčių Lietuvos Afganistano karo veteranų trauminės patirties ir potrauminės simptomatikos ryšys

The aim of this paper is to assess what potential traumatic life-events and experiences are related to PTSD in the Lithuanian Afghanistan war veterans (N = 174). Data in this study were collected from a questionnaire survey with a sample of 268 Lithuanian men aged 32 to 52, who were on military duty (compulsory military service) in the Soviet army in 1979–1989. Four regions (capital cities, cities, small cities, and countryside), with the sample allocation proportionate to the distribution of Lithuanian population, geographically stratified the sample; 174 men served in Afghanistan during the Soviet Union – Afghanistan war. They were divided into two groups according to the manifestation of posttraumatic stress disorder. One group consists of 108 men without PTSD and 46 men with PTSD and sub-clinical level of PTSD (25 and 21 respectively). The following variables were investigated: demographics, traumatic life-events or conditions, PTSD and sub-clinical level of PTSD (Harvard Trauma Questionnaire, Mollica et al., 1992). The Lithuanian Afghanistan war veterans with PTSD and sub-clinical level of PTSD reported significantly more lifetime traumatic events and conditions. The average number of traumatic events per man with PTSD and sub-clinical level of PTSD was 12.4 and 10 for those without PTSD (F = 1.58, df =152, p < 0.05). The average number of direct exposure events per Lithuanian Afghanistan war veteran with PTSD and sub-clinical level of PTSD was 8 and 6 for veterans without PTSD (F = 10.2, df = 152, p < 0.002). There was a significant correlation between PTSD and the amount of direct exposure and particular traumatic experience: neglect in childhood, loss of a family member, mental illness in the family, absence of parents, violent assault, persecution, and struggle for existence.The Lithuanian Afghanistan war veterans with PTSD and without PTSD had a very similar experience of military operations and combats and the duration of their service didn’t differ. Afghanistan war veterans with PTSD and sub-clinical level of PTSD experienced more traumatic life-events and conditions than did veterans without PTSD, Veterans with PTSD and a sub-clinical level of PTSD, more often than veterans without PTSD, experienced traumatic exposure related to the family, violent assault and struggle for existence. Mental illness in the family, loss of a family member and violent assault were predictive of PTSD and sub-clinical level of PTSD in the Lithuanian Afghanistan war veterans. Šio straipsnio tikslas yra nustatyti, su kokiais potencialiai trauminiais gyvenimo įvykiais ir patirtimis susijęs didesnis potrauminio streso sutrikimo (PTSS) pasireiškimas Lietuvos Afganistano karo veteranų grupėje (N = 174). Lietuvos Afganistano karo veteranų, kuriems buvo nustatytas potrauminio streso sutrikimas, ir veteranų, kuriems toks sutrikimas nebuvo nustatytas, karo veiksmų ir mūšių patirtis yra labai panaši, jų tarnybos trukmė taip pat nesiskiria. Afganistano karo veteranai, turintys potrauminio streso sutrikimą ir subklinikinio lygio potrauminio streso sutrikimą, yra patyrę daugiau trauminių įvykių ir išgyvenimų nei neturintys potrauminio streso sutrikimo. Turintys subklinikinio lygio PTSS ir PTSS Afganistano karo veteranai kur kas dažniau nei turinys PTSS išgyveno traumines patirtis, susijusias su šeima, bei smurtinius užpuolimus ir kovą už būvį. Lietuvių Afganistano karo veteranų grupėje potrauminio streso sutrikimo ir subklinikinio lygio potrauminio streso sutrikimo pasireiškimą geriausiai prognozavo psichikos ligos šeimoje, šeimos nario netektis ir patirtas smurtinis užpuolimas

Žiniasklaidoje pateikiamų savižudybės pavyzdžių poveikis paaugliams ir jaunuoliams

The goal of this study was to determine the influence of suicide examples in media on teenagers and young peoples’ emotions and thoughts about suicide imitation. Conclusions: 1) Teenagers and young people encounter with examples of suicidal behavior in all forms of media, mostly, newspapers and television. 2) Some of young people experience a high emotional effect of suicide description or depiction. 3) Models of suicidal behavior presented in media mostly affect the young people who are experiencing existential frustration and have more expressed suicidal tendencies.Šio tyrimo tikslas buvo nustatyti, kokį emocinį poveikį ir mintis apie savižudybės apie imitaciją paaugliams ir jaunuoliams daro žiniasklaidoje pateikiami savižudybės pavyzdžiai. Daromos išvados: 1) paaugliai ir jaunuoliai dažnai susiduria su savižudiško elgesio pavyzdžiais visose žiniasklaidos priemonėse, daugiausiai – laikraščiuose ir per televiziją. 2) Kai kuriuos jaunuolius savižudybės aprašymai ar pavaizdavimai labai smarkiai emociškai paveikia. 3) Žiniasklaidos priemonėse pateikiami savižudiško elgesio modeliai stipriausiai veikia tuos jaunuolius, kurie išgyvena egzistencinę frustraciją ir pasižymi ryškesnėmis suicidinėmis tendencijomis

„Kas Jums yra vyriškumas?“: turinčių ir neturinčių minčių apie savižudybę vyrų nuomonių palyginimas

Male suicides are often associated with masculinity norms that encourage certain behaviours that increase the risk of suicide. For example, research shows that restricted emotionality, avoidance of seeking help and self-reliance are associated with higher suicide risk. However, these pre-formulated aspects of masculinity do not necessarily reflect men’s subjective opinions of what masculinity is to them. Researchers argue that it is important to consider personal views about what masculinity is, not only stereotypes about masculinity. The aim of this study is to reveal and compare the subjective opinions about the masculinity of men with and without suicidal ideation. 281 men answered the open-ended question during the survey: “What does masculinity mean to you?”. The answers were analyzed using a content analysis method. We transformed qualitative data into quantitative and compared them statistically between two groups: men with and without suicidal ideation. It turned out that men with suicidal thoughts were more likely to mention that masculinity is the control of emotions, intelligence, and decision-making. Men without suicidal thoughts were more likely to mention family and caring for it as essential aspects of masculinity. The results showed that certain aspects of masculinity might be related to higher risk for suicide, but the study also revealed the masculinity that might be a source of coping.Vyrų savižudybės neretai siejamos su vyriškumo normomis, kurios skatina tam tikrą savižudybės riziką didinantį elgesį. Tačiau mokslininkai taip pat svarsto, kad nagrinėjant vyriškumą svarbu vertinti ne tik vyriškumo stereotipus, bet ir atsižvelgti į asmenines subjektyvias nuomones apie tai, kas yra vyriškumas. Šio tyrimo tikslas yra atskleisti ir palyginti turinčių ir neturinčių minčių apie savižudybę vyrų subjektyvias nuomones apie vyriškumą. Apklausos metu 281 vyras atsakė į atvirą klausimą „Kas Jums yra vyriškumas?“ Atsakymai buvo analizuojami taikant turinio analizės metodą. Įvertinus tyrimo dalyvių mintis apie savižudybę, visa imtis buvo padalyta į dvi grupes: turinčius ir neturinčius minčių apie savižudybę. Šių dviejų grupių atsakymai į atvirą klausimą buvo palyginti pasitelkiant statistinius skaičiavimus. Paaiškėjo, kad turintys minčių apie savižudybę vyrai dažniau minėjo, kad jiems vyriškumas yra emocijų kontrolė, intelektualumas ir orientacija į sprendimus. Neturintys minčių apie savižudybę vyrai dažniau minėjo šeimą ir rūpinimąsi ja kaip svarbius vyriškumo aspektus. Rezultatai parodė, kad tam tikri vyriškumo aspektai gali būti susiję su didesne savižudybės rizika, tačiau tyrimas atskleidė ir tokią vyriškumo dalį, kuri gali būti atsparumo šaltinis