GEOSPATIAL DOCUMENTATION AND GEO-DATABASE DEVELOPMENTS FOR HEALTH FACILITIES IN BIRNIN KEBBI METROPOLIS, KEBBI STATE, NIGERIA

This study investigates the spatial pattern, distribution, and concentration of health facilities in Birnin Kebbi metropolis by creating a geospatial database using high order technology equivalent of the map in the field of Geography for visual representation. The categories of health facilities are Hospitals, Clinics, Maternity centers, and Dispensaries vis-à-vis their population was captured and mapped. The results of the analysis show a total of 24 health facilities in Birnin Kebbi Metropolis, eight (8) are privately owned, four (4) registered with State Ministry for Health and four (4) not registered and Sixteen (16) are publicly owned. In addition, there are three (3) secondary health care centers, the Federal Medical Center, four (4) Primary Health Centers, four (4) Post Primary Health Centers and four (4) Clinics. Our findings revealed the disproportionate distribution of health care facilities in Birnin Kebbi metropolis. The underlying reasons for this remain poorly known. A further study which will map healthcare facilities in relation to population distribution is therefore recommended. Because the identification and mapping of health facilities vis-à-vis the geospatial database creation will help decision makers plan and take a decision with complete confidence using maps.  Article visualizations

Examination of Surface Water Along River-Rima Floodplain in Wamakko, Sokoto State, Nigeria

This study examined the hydrochemistry of surface water along the River-Rima floodplain area. Five sampling locations were purposively selected, and, in each point, three samples were taken from surface water (river).The sampling was repeated after 20 days. Thus, a total of 30 samples werecollected. Water samples obtained were subjected to laboratory tests. Results revealed that BOD, TDS, Mg2+, and Fe3+ are above the World HealthOrganization (WHO) and Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON) reference guidelines for drinking water quality. Isolates detected from the coliform bacteriological analysis include Enterobacter aerogene, Escherichiacoli, and Citrobacter freundii with most of the samples showing coliform bacteria growth above the SON standard for drinking water. Hence, the water in the River-Rima floodplain of the Wamakko area is of low quality and unsafe for drinking. Results of principal component analysis (PCA)revealed external influences such as pollutant wash off and rock weatheringas controls on hydrochemistry of surface water. There is some indication of anthropogenic inputs (Cl- , NO3- , and PO4 2-) based on hierarchical cluster analysis. Elements including Cl-, NO3-, and PO42- are increasingly added into surface water from human activities, mainly agriculture, and municipal sewage

DISTRIBUTION OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY: ANALYSIS OF POPULATION DENSITY AND WATER SUPPLY IN KEBBI STATE, NORTHWESTERN NIGERIA

Development and management of an improved water supply system is a great challenge faced by most developing nations. With rapid population growth and urbanization most, states in Nigeria find it difficult to deliver potable water to a substantial number of people who are in dire need for this resource, especially in the Urban areas. In this study, we attempt to relate public water supply to population density in Kebbi State. An inventory of water supply facilities was taken in 21 Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Kebbi State. Census data was collected from the National Population Commission (NPC), Birnin-kebbi. Results showed that, population density correlates very strongly and positively with handpumps (r=0.95), urban schemes (r=0.88), semi-urban schemes (r=0.69) and village scheme (r=0.74). There was a very weak but positive correlation between population density and boreholes (r=<0.001); population density and tabs (r=<0.001). PCA results showed, that the 21 LGAs cluster nicely across a spectrum of public water supply infrastructure. The ratio of persons to water sources is thus: Borehole 1:12794.1; Handpumps 1:7640.2; Taps 1:2821.8; Urban scheme 1:233799.6; Semi-urban scheme 1:63739.7; and Village scheme 1:67245.9. Suggesting that, the existing public water supply facilities are inadequate. More water supply infrastructure is needed to provide people with improved water supply. However, there are no statistics on private boreholes and people depending on them in Kebbi State. An inventory of private water supply sources in Kebbi State is recommended. This will guide policy regarding improved water supply in Kebbi State.  Article visualizations

Review of Groundwater Potentials and Groundwater Hydrochemistry of Semi-arid Hadejia-Yobe Basin, North-eastern Nigeria

Understanding the hydrochemical and hydrogeological physiognomies ofsubsurface water in a semi-arid region is important for the effective management of water resources. This paper presents a thorough review of thehydrogeology and hydrochemistry of the Hadejia-Yobe basin. The hydrochemical and hydrogeological configurations as reviewed indicated that the Chad Formation is the prolific aquifer in the basin. Boreholes piercing theGundumi formation have a depth ranging from 20-85 meters. The hydrochemical composition of groundwater revealed water of excellent quality,as all the studied parameters were found to have concentrations withinWHO and Nigeria’s standard for drinking water quality. However, furtherstudies are required for further evaluation of water quality index, heavy metal pollution index, and irrigation water quality. Also, geochemical, andstable isotope analysis is required for understanding the provenance of salinity and hydrogeochemical controls on groundwater in the basin

Re-examination of hydrochemistry and groundwater potentials of Cross River and Imo-Kwa-Ibo intersecting Tropical Basins of South-South Nigeria

This review attempted a detailed description of geological and hydrogeological configurations of Cross River and Imo-Akwa Ibo basins. It presented a synthesis of hydrochemistry and a description of the hydrogeological configurations of the two basins. Hydrogeologically, most areas under Cross River and Imo-Kwa-Ibo are poor in terms of groundwater potentials. Based on the hydrochemistry, the basins hold water of excellent quality. Groundwater sources fall in soft to moderately hard classes. The entire sources groundwater has a TDS concentration of less than 500 mg/l. Groundwater classification based on electrical conductivity (EC) showed EC levels were less than 500 µS/cm. Most of the examined cations and anions are within WHO reference guidelines for drinking water quality. However, no broadanalysis of water quality based on water quality indices. Also, studies modeling pollution or the impact of land use changes on groundwater quality are wanting. Thus, further analysis of the hydrochemistry of groundwater aquifers is recommended

A spatial patterning of the relationship between indigenous police force numerical strength, socioeconomic characteristics and crime rate in Nigeria

Criminal activity is unevenly spread over space, necessitating the intervention of local residents to combat the threat. This study seeks to examine the overall patterning of the effect of socioeconomic/demographic indicators and crime rates on indigenous police force numbers in Nigeria. Both the rates of indigenous police number and crime were studied using spatial and quantitative methodologies, which was based on data from National Bureau of Statistic (2017, 2018) as well as the educational index, unemployment rate, and % male. Crime rates and socioeconomic/demographic factors were investigated using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) linear regression in ArcGIS 10.5 environment to see how they connect to the need for more indigenous police officers at the state level. To further comprehend the spatially changing associations between the rate of indigenous police number and the independent variables included in the OLS model, Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) was utilized. Findings revealed that the states of Adamawa, Akwa-Ibom, Benue, Edo, and Kogi had the highest rates of indigenous police officers, whereas Anambra, Bauchi, Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Jigawa, Kano, Lagos, Oyo, and Sokoto had the lowest indigenous police numbers. The study found that the states of Delta, Ebonyi, Lagos and the FCT recorded high rate of theft/stealing due to lower rate of indigenous police number and high population density. According to the study, the rate of indigenous police officers diminishes as population density rises. Also, the rate of indigenous police officers was highly connected with rates of robbery and theft/stealing. This study used GWR to highlight the spatially varying relationships between the socioeconomic/demographic indicators and various crime rates on rate of indigenous police officers in Nigeria, which will help Federal Government of Nigeria, decide which appropriate measures are needed for concentrating on states with high crime rates that need more local policing. The study emphasizes the need for safe states being established not just by law enforcement but by a wide range of social and economic sectors and services, as well as integrating more indigenous people in state policing

Reassessing groundwater potentials and subsurface water hydrochemistry in a Tropical Anambra Basin, Southeastern Nigeria

This review presented a detailed re-assessment of the hydrogeology and hydrochemistry of the Tropical Anambra Basin. It identified and discussed the major geological formations and their groundwater potentials. The geological examination showed that the Ajali Formation is confined in places forming an artesian condition; the potentials of this aquifer decline in the western basin due to a decrease in thickness. The sandstone associates of the Nsukka Formation are aquiferous and have produced high-pressure artesian boreholes along the Oji River. The Imo Shale is characterized by permeability stability all over much of the intermediate unit. The Bende-Ameki aquifer has a lesser amount of groundwater when equated to other formations; the geologic characteristics do not produce favorable hydrogeological conditions for groundwater occurrence. The stratigraphical and structural framework suggested the presence of an efficient throughflow in the basin. Based on physical and chemical parameters of water quality, the basin holds water of acceptable quality. While there are considerable investigations on the hydrogeology and hydrochemistry, studies are short of analysis of the hydrogeochemical evolution of groundwater, water quality index, heavy metals pollution index as well as total hazard quotient. Suitability of groundwater based on agricultural water quality indices (e.g. SAR) is also salient. Therefore, future studies should address these owing to increasing dependence on groundwater