Role of Pineal Hormone Melatonin in a Woman’s Life: From Conception to Decline of Life

In the presented article, we cover the issues concerning physiology of secretion of pineal hormone melatonin and its role in the vital processes of a body. Focus is given to melatonin effect on the female reproductive system, its participation in the aging process, and formation of pathological menopause. The article also presents research data on the effectiveness of the melatonin drug when tackling climacteric syndrome. It is revealed that according to the available literature up to date there is no information about the standards of secretion of melatonin for women of different age groups, and the lack of secretion of melatonin can be judged by clinical manifestations and also when compared with groups of healthy women. The issues of the melatonin drug application at various complications of pregnancy and gynecological diseases remain unclear. Long-term intake of melatonin to treat pathologic menopause is still to be discussed

Russian sport economy: challenges and contradictions

The article shows that development of sport tends to be a factor of country competitiveness. Nowadays, there is a need to find new forms and methods of promotion and popularization of physical culture and sport, to create a single sports information space and to provide sports area with more effective management decisions. There were revealed the main challenges in sports area such as the difference of sports facilities in various regions of Russia, the creation of low-budget sports facilities, the development of qualitative modern material and technical base in educational institutions and another issue is qualified personnel training. Methods of achievement of the goals of strategy 2020 are also illustrated in the paper, that is getting large and medium-sized business involved in construction and operation of sports facilities as social one, creation of a single sports information space in order to control the workload of all the sports venues despite the fact of department affiliation

Risk factors for external genital endometriosis

One of the most common forms of violation of the reproductive system of a woman is endometriosis. It is assumed that the genetic predisposition and environmental factors are closely related to the development of endometriosis. However, despite the high prevalence of endometriosis among women of reproductive age, the risk factors or markers for the development of the disease remain largely unknown. The aim of the study was to identify risk factors for external genital endometriosis. Materials and methods. Study design: retrospective case-control. The study included 154 women. Group I included 77 women with histologically verified external genital endometriosis. Group II consisted of 77 women without endometriosis, who underwent endoscopic surgery due to various diseases of the pelvic organs. Results. The results of the study showed that the most significant risk factors for endometriosis are the early onset of menarche (< 11 years), a shortened menstrual cycle with prolonged menstruation, active and passive smoking, the presence of furnace heating and uterine fibroids, a family history of breast cancer. Typical complaints of patients with endometriosis are pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea and dyspareunia. Conclusions. Further studies are needed to study the significance of these factors in the diagnosis of endometriosis and the understanding of its etiology

Morphological classification of dysphemisms in artistic discourse

This study pursued the following goal: to analyze the morphological features of dysphemisms within the framework of artistic discourse. The concept of dysphemism was described, and a classification of dysphemisms in contemporary linguistic

Cultural Stereotypes and Their Reflection in Transnational Advertising

An attempt was made in the article to analyze cultural stereotypes and their reflection in the advertising of Dove and Olay cosmetic brands. For the first time, stereotypes of beauty in Chinese, Russian and English video advertising of international companies are compared. On the example of transnational advertising, the ways of transmitting verbal information in a commercial message are studied, cultural differences in the perception of beauty stereotypes are revealed, their transformation is established, and new means of expression are described. A contradictory trend has been identified in marketing: on the one hand, international companies actively use national and cultural stereotypes, which allow creating an emotionally significant image in accordance with the ethno-cultural worldview of the consumer, paying attention to it, making a decision in the face of a large flow of information, on the other hand, they oppose standardization and stereotyping. Their role in the perception of the value of information has been established

Influence of hadronic interaction models and the cosmic ray spectrum on the high energy atmospheric muon and neutrino flux

The recent observations of muon charge ratio up to about 10 TeV and of atmospheric neutrinos up to energies of about 400 TeV has triggered a renewed interest into the high-energy interaction models and cosmic ray primary composition. A reviewed calculation of lepton spectra produced in cosmic-ray induced extensive air showers is carried out with a primary cosmic-ray spectrum that fits the latest direct measurements below the knee. In order to achieve this, we used a full Monte Carlo method to derive the inclusive differential spectra (yields) of muons, muon neutrinos and electron neutrinos at the surface for energies between 80 GeV and hundreds of PeV. The air shower simulator {\sc corsika} 6.990 was used for showering and propagation of the secondary particles through the atmosphere, employing the established high-energy hadronic interaction models {\sc sibyll} 2.1, {\sc qgsjet-01} and {\sc qgsjet-ii 03}. We show that the performance of the interaction models allows makes it possible to predict the spectra within experimental uncertainties, while {\sc sibyll} generally yields a higher flux at the surface than the qgsjet models. The calculation of the flavor and charge ratios has lead to inconsistent results, mainly influenced by the different representations of the K/$\pi$ ratio within the models. Furthermore, we could quantify systematic uncertainties of atmospheric muon- and neutrino fluxes, associated to the models of the primary cosmic-ray spectrum and the interaction models. For most recent parametrizations of the cosmic-ray primary spectrum, atmospheric muons can be determined with an uncertainty smaller than $^{+15}_{-13}$% of the average flux. Uncertainties of the muon- and electron neutrino fluxes can be calculated within an average error of $^{+32}_{-22}$% and $^{+25}_{-19}$%, respectively.Comment: 16 pages, 10 figures, version 2 includes analytic approximatio

Wärmeübertragung in Plattenverdampfern unterschiedlicher Geometrie

Plattenverdampfer können in zahlreichen Fällen als Verdampfer in Kältemaschinen eingesetzt werden. Sie zeichnen sich durch geringe Größe, geringes Gewicht und starke Wärmeübertragung aus. Um die optimale Geometrie des Kanalquerschnitts herauszufinden und zur Aufstellung eines Berechnungsverfahrens wurden Untersuchungen des Wärmeübergangs und des hydraulischen Widerstands beim Sieden von Kältemitteln in 12 flachen Kanälen verschiedener Abmessungen durchgeführt. Ebenso umfassend untersucht wurden Wärmeübergang, Wärmedurchgang und hydraulischer Widerstand seitens Kältemittel und Kälteträger an vier Modellen von Plattenverdampfern mit geriffelten Kanälen

Experimentelle Untersuchung des Wärmeübergangs beim Sieden von R 22 und R 717 an verschiedenartigen Oberflächen in horizontalen Rohrbündelverdampfern

Beschrieben werden die Ergebnisse der experimentellen Untersuchungen des Wärmeübergangs beim Sieden von Kältemitteln an horizontalen Rohren mit verschiedenartigen Oberflächen. Die Heizwirkung der untersuchten Oberflächen wird verglichen. Desweiteren werden die Ergebnisse von Versuchen beschrieben, die sich mit den Verwendungseigenschaften der Wärmeübergangsflächen befassen: Hystereseerscheinungen im Bereich des nicht ausgebildeten Siedens; Einfluß glatter, untereinander angeordneter Rohre; Einfluß eines Horizontal-rohrbündels auf den Wärmeübergang einzeln ausgewählter Rohre in einer jeden waagrechten Reihe. Angegeben werden die Versuchsdaten, bei denen eine starke Zunahme (um mehr als das 2fache) auf die Wärmeübergangskoeffizienten in den oberen Reihen von Glattrohrbündeln festgestellt wurde, verglichen mit den unteren Reihen. Es wird nachgewiesen, daß der Intensivierungsgrad des Wärmeübergangs nach Aufbringen einer porösen Schicht mit zunehmender Anzahl horizontaler Rohrreihen im Bündel abnimmt

High energy hadrons in EAS at mountain altitude

An extensive simulation has been carried out to estimate the physical interpretation of dynamical factors such as , in terms of high energy interaction features, concentrated in the present analysis on the average transverse momentum. It appears that the large enhancement observed for versus primary energy, suggesting in earliest analysis a significant rise of with energy, is only the result of the limited resolution of the detectors and remains in agreement with a wide range of models used in simulations.Comment: 13 pages, 6 PostScript figures, LaTeX Subm. to JPhys