Upaya Hukum Dalam Menyelesaikan Perkara Pidana Dengan Negara Lain Menurut Undang-undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2006

Tujuan dilakukan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana upaya hukum yang dilakukan negara Republik Indonesia menyelesaikan tindak pidana dengan negara lain dan bagaimana syarat-syarat pemberian bantuan untuk menyelesaikan perkara pidana kepada negara lain. Ruang lingkup penulisan ini adalah pada disiplin ilmu hukum, maka penulisan ini merupakan bagian dari penulisan hukum kepustakaan yakni dengan cara meneliti bahan pustaka atau yang dinamakan penelitian hukum normatif dapat disimpulkan, bahwa: 1. Upaya hukum yang dilakukan untuk negara Republik Indonesia menyelesaikan perkara pidana dengan negara asing, yaitu dengan membuat kesepakatan dalam bentuk perjanjian bilateral maupun multilateral dengan negara asing dan berdasarkan prinsip timbal Balik melalui saluran diplomatik serta pembentukan peraturan Perundang-undangan nasional yang mengatur bantuan timbal Balik dalam masalah pidana. Adanya perjanjian Internasional yaitu dapat memberikan jaminan kepastian hukum yang melandasi hubungan kerjasama Internasional dalam penyelesaian perkara pidana. 2. Syarat-syarat pemberian bantuan untuk menyelesaikan perkara pidana kepada negara lain, yaitu: setiap negara asing dapat mengajukan permintaan Bantuan kepada Pemerintah Republik Indonesia. Negara asing dapat mengajukan permintaan Bantuan secara langsung atau dapat memilih melalui saluran diplomatik

Tuning Iridium Photocatalysts and Light Irradiation for Enhanced CO2 Reduction

Efficient photocatalytic conversion of carbon dioxide into valuable reduction products is a priority goal for artificial photosynthesis. Iridium(III) photocatalysts with a combined 2-phenylpyridine (ppy) and 2,2':6',2 ''-terpyridine (tpy) ligand set have been shown to selectively reduce CO, to CO. Here, terpyridine modifications have been investigated that yield a turnover number (TON) of up to 265, a quantum yield of 0.10, and a photocatalyst lifespan of over 10 days. The key to success is the combined effect of adding aromatic substituents to the tpy ligand 4'-position and optimizing lighting conditions. Insights into the photocatalyst fate are provided by kinetics analysis and spectroelectrochemistry, which point out the critical role of the reductively quenched catalyst and its evolution to a spent "green" state via a dark deactivation pathway. The stereoelectronic effect of adding a 9-anthryl substituent together with the use of low-energy blue light proves instrumental in the management of excited and reduced species, dictating the overall performance of the molecular photocatalyst

Tracking of Tuning Effects in Bis-Cyclometalated Iridium Complexes: A Combined Time Resolved Infrared Spectroscopy, Electrochemical, and Computational Study

Electronic structure and photophysical properties have been investigated for a new series of fluorinated iridium complexes with the parent [Ir­(ppy)₂(deeb)]­(PF₆) (deeb is 4,4′-diethylester-2,2′-bipyridine). Time resolved infrared spectroscopy (TRIR) has been used to observe the long-lived triplet excited state of each complex confirming its mixed charge transfer character. Supplementary evidence of charge transfer in the triplet state is provided via emission spectroscopy, transient absorption spectroscopy, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Both computational and spectroscopic assignments reveal consistency in the first excitation throughout the series of complexes. Electrochemical measurements meanwhile show that increasing fluorination still induces expected shifting of frontier orbitals. Excited states beyond the lowest lying triplet are probed for the complexes via UV–vis spectroscopy which reveals three distinct features. These features are assigned via time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) to build a broader understanding of electronic structure

Light-Driven Hydrogen Generation from Microemulsions Using Metallosurfactant Catalysts and Oxalic Acid

A unique microemulsion-based photocatalytic water reduction system is demonstrated. Iridium- and rhodium-based metallosurfactants, namely, [Ir­(ppy)₂­(dhpdbpy)]­Cl and [Rh­(dhpdbpy)₂­Cl₂]Cl (where ppy = 2-phenylpyridine and dhpdbpy = 4,4′-diheptadecyl-2,2′-bipyridine), were employed as photosensitizer and proton reducing catalyst, respectively, along with oxalic acid as a sacrificial reductant in a toluene/water biphasic mixture. The addition of 1-octylamine is proposed to initiate the reaction, by coupling with oxalic acid to form an ion pair, which acts as an additional surfactant. Concentration optimizations yielded high activity for both the photosensitizer (240 turnovers, turnover frequency (TOF) = 200 h^–1) and catalyst (400 turnovers, TOF = 230 h^–1), with the system generating hydrogen even after 95 h. Mechanistic insights were provided by gas-phase Raman, electrochemical, and luminescence quenching analysis, suggesting oxidative quenching to be the principle reaction pathway

Tuning Iridium Photocatalysts and Light Irradiation for Enhanced CO₂ Reduction

Efficient photocatalytic conversion of carbon dioxide into valuable reduction products is a priority goal for artificial photosynthesis. Iridium­(III) photocatalysts with a combined 2-phenylpyridine (ppy) and 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine (tpy) ligand set have been shown to selectively reduce CO₂ to CO. Here, terpyridine modifications have been investigated that yield a turnover number (TON) of up to 265, a quantum yield of 0.10, and a photocatalyst lifespan of over 10 days. The key to success is the combined effect of adding aromatic substituents to the tpy ligand 4′-position and optimizing lighting conditions. Insights into the photocatalyst fate are provided by kinetics analysis and spectroelectrochemistry, which point out the critical role of the reductively quenched catalyst and its evolution to a spent “green” state via a dark deactivation pathway. The stereoelectronic effect of adding a 9-anthryl substituent together with the use of low-energy blue light proves instrumental in the management of excited and reduced species, dictating the overall performance of the molecular photocatalyst

Synthesis of Thiophene 1,1-Dioxides and Tuning Their Optoelectronic Properties

A 2,5-bis(tributylstannyl)thiophene 1,1-dioxide was prepared from 2,5-bis(trimethylsilyl)thiophene 1,1-dioxide, bis(tributyltin) oxide, and tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF). The 2,5-bis(tributylstannyl)thiophene 1,1-dioxide and a 2,5-diiodothiophene 1,1-dioxide were utilized in a series of Stille cross-coupling reactions to afford thiophene 1,1-dioxides with either electron-donating or electron-withdrawing substituents. Electron-withdrawing groups greatly facilitate the reduction of these sulfone heterocycles, and –C₆H₄-<i>p</i>-NO₂ substituents produce a 510 mV shift as compared to a thiophene 1,1-dioxide with two phenyl groups

[Ir(N^N^N)(C^N)L]⁺: A New Family of Luminophores Combining Tunability and Enhanced Photostability

The relatively unexplored luminophore architecture [Ir­(N^N^N)­(C^N)­L]⁺ (N^N^N = tridentate polypyridyl ligand, C^N = 2-phenylpyridine derivative, and L = monodentate anionic ligand) offers the stability of tridentate polypyridyl coordination along with the tunability of three independently variable ligands. Here, a new family of these luminophores has been prepared based on the previously reported compound [Ir­(tpy)­(ppy)­Cl]⁺ (tpy = 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine and ppy = 2-phenylpyridine). Complexes are obtained as single stereoisomers, and ligand geometry is unambiguously assigned via X-ray crystallography. Electrochemical analysis of the materials reveals facile HOMO modulation through ppy functionalization and alteration of the monodentate ligand’s field strength. Emission reflects similar modulation shifting from orange to greenish-blue upon replacement of chloride with cyanide. Many of the new compounds exhibit impressive room temperature phosphorescence with lifetimes near 3 μs and quantum yields reaching 28.6%. Application of the new luminophores as photosensitizers for photocatalytic hydrogen generation reveals that their photostability in coordinating solvent is enhanced as compared to popular [Ir­(ppy)₂(bpy)]⁺ (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine) photosensitizers. Yet, the binding of their monodentate ligand emerges as a source of instability during the redox processes of cyclic voltammetry and mass spectrometry. DFT modeling of electronic structure is provided for all compounds to elucidate experimental properties