Precolostral serology in calves born from Neospora -seropositive mothers

The present study was designed to exploratively determine (a) how many healthy calves, born from seropositive mothers, were also precolostrally seropositive; (b) how many precolostrally negative calves became postcolostrally positive; and (c) in these calves, how the IgG1/IgG2 situation developed pre- and postcolostrally. All calves were born from mothers that were determined to be seropositive in a conventional Neospora caninum-ELISA and by immunoblotting. When the diagnostic performance of the conventional ELISA was compared with that of immunoblotting and an IgG1/IgG2-ELISA in the calves, the latter two exhibited a higher sensitivity: From a total of 15 precolostral calf sera, 7 were positive in the conventional ELISA (diagnostic sensitivity 47%) compared to 15 that were positive by immunoblotting (diagnostic sensitivity 100%) and 12 that were positive by the IgG1/IgG2-ELISA (diagnostic sensitivity 80%). With regard to IgG1/IgG2 findings in the dams, IgG2 appeared as the dominant subclass in the humoral immune response of adult cattle, while in calves, IgG1 appeared as the main prenatally/precolostrally reactive antibody isotype. Provided that precolostral seropositivity reflects postnatal persistent infection with N. caninum, we then postulate that, basically, all of our study calves born form N. caninum-seropositive mothers were prenatally infected with the parasite, and may, thus, all become members of the next transmitting generatio

Neospora caninum immunoblotting improves serodiagnosisof bovine neosporosis

Neospora caninum ranges among the major causes of infectious abortion in cattle worldwide. The present study was designed to improve the serodiagnostic tools by complementing a conventional ELISA with a highly sensitive and species-specific N. caninum immunoblot. To evaluate this test combination, sera from several groups of cows were tested. The first group, consisting of experimentally infected calves, showed that immunoblot antibody reactivities were detectable 1 to 3days earlier than those found in ELISA. The first immunodominant bands that appeared were a 29-kDa (NcSAG1) and a 36-kDa (NcSRS2) antigen. Other groups, based upon naturally infected cattle, were used to compare the diagnostic sensitivity of ELISA and immunoblotting. Overall, N. caninum immunoblotting exhibited a higher sensitivity (98%) than ELISA (87%). Conversely, immunoblotting also confirm in two other cases, true transient negativation in some animals. In general, banding patterns and band staining intensity correlated to the semiquantitative ELISA findings. On the other hand, the banding pattern could not be used to discriminate between sera from animals with a recent abortion and those of cows with latent N. caninum infection. We also addressed putative cross-reactions due to infection with Toxoplasma gondii. Sera from animals with a serologically proven T. gondii infection were either clearly negative by Neospora immunoblotting or they yielded a specific immunoblot antibody profile indicating a double infection with N. caninum. Sera from animals with positive findings in both Toxoplasma and Neospora ELISA thus provided dichotomic results in the immunoblot by allowing to confirm or to rule out the specificity of the antibody reaction in Neospora ELISA. Altogether, our findings demonstrate that N. caninum immunoblotting is a very sensitive and specific complementary tool to improve the serology for N. caninum infections in cattl

Dysnatraemias in the emergency room: Undetected, untreated, unknown?

Zusammenfassung: HINTERGRUND: Hypo- und Hypernatriämie sind die häufigsten Elektrolytstörungen im Krankenhaus und wurden mit erhöhter Mortalität assoziiert. Zur Zeit gibt es nur wenige Daten zur Prävalenz der Dysnatriämien an der Notfallaufnahme sowie zu den Charakteristika der Patienten mit Hypo- und Hypernatriämien. METHODIK: In diese retrospektive Studie wurden Patienten welche zwischen 01.09.2010 und 30.11.2010 an der Notfallaufnahme einer Universitätsklinik eine Bestimmung des Serum-Natriums erhielten eingeschlossen. RESULTATE: Insgesamt wurden während des Studienzeitraumes an 3.182 Patienten Bestimmungen des Serum-Natriums durchgeführt. 124 Patienten (4 %) wiesen bei Aufnahme in die Notfallaufnahme eine Hyponatriämie auf, während 400 Patienten (13 %) eine Hypernatriämie aufwiesen. Es zeigte sich kein Unterschied im Alter zwischen jenen Patienten welche eine Hypernatriämie aufwiesen und jenen welche normonaträm waren. Patienten mit Hyponatriämie waren hingegen signifikant älter. SCHLUSSFOLGERUNGEN: Beinahe 1 von 5 Patienten weist bei Aufnahme an der Notfallaufnahme eine Störung des Natriumhaushalts auf. Im Gegensatz zu hospitalisierten Patienten war an der Notfallaufnahme die Prävalenz der Hypernatriämie bedeutend grösser als jene der Hyponatriämie. Überraschenderweise waren Patienten mit Hyponatriämie signifikant älter als jene mit Hypernatriämie und jene mit normalen Serum-Natriumwerte

Wachstum, Wohlstand, Lebensqualität: Brauchen wir einen neuen Wohlstandsindikator?

Im Allgemeinen ist das BIP-Wachstum der Maßstab für die Wirtschaftskraft und den Wohlstand eines Landes. Sollte die Größe als Wohlstandsmaß ersetzt oder wenigstens ergänzt werden

Kooperativ gefördert? Ausgewählte Ergebnisse einer Evaluation des Promotionskollegs der Hans-Böckler-Stiftung

Es fehlt eine aktuelle Studie, die die strukturellen Rahmenbedingungen, Prozessqualität sowie die Effekte und Ergebnisse der von der Hans-Böckler-Stiftung geförderten Promotionskollegs nach einer inzwischen über zehnjährigen Laufzeit in den Blick nimmt. An diesem Forschungsdefizit setzt die … durchgeführte quantitativ und qualitativ angelegte Evaluationsstudie an. Die Autoren stellen im vorliegenden Beitrag einige solcher ausgewählten Ergebnisse vor, von denen sie annehmen, dass sie über den Kontext der Böckler-Kollegs hinaus für die Entwicklung von Graduiertenkollegs im Allgemeinen relevant sein dürften. (DIPF/Orig.

Humoral immune reaction of newborn calves congenitally infected with Neospora caninum and experimentally treated with toltrazuril

Neospora caninum is widely recognized as one of the most important infectious organisms causing abortion and stillbirth in cattle. This parasite causes severe economical losses worldwide. Infection is mostly passed vertically from mother to calf during pregnancy. Under certain circumstances, an infection can lead to abortion, but in most cases it results in a chronically infected calf, which itself will represent the next endogenously infectious generation. So far, no reliable therapeutic or metaphylactic tool has been developed. One possibility to control the problem may consist of treating newborn calves that became vertically infected by a persistently infected mother. This may allow parasite-free offspring. The aim of the present study was to address the questions: (1) can serology be used to assess efficiency of treatment in toltrazuril-medicated animals? and (2) is a strategic prevention measure possible by means of producing N. caninum-free calves from positive cows? Calves from Neospora-seropositive cows and heifers were randomly split into two different medication groups: 36 calves were medicated with toltrazuril and 36 calves obtained a placebo. Medication (20mg toltrazuril per kg bw) was administered three times, every second day, within the 7days post natum. Three months after medication, there was no difference in antibody reactivity between the two groups. At later time points (4-6months), however, significant differences were found, as explained by a strong humoral immunity after chemotherapeutical affection of parasites, while the placebo-treated animals only responded weakly to the persistent infection. In summary, we concluded that (1) serology was not an entirely appropriate tool to answer our initial question and (2) toltrazuril has the potential to eliminate N. caninum in newborn calves. As a consequence, we plan to follow up toltrazuril-medicated calves clinically and serologically over a longer period and investigate if they give birth to Neospora-free calve

Qualitative Evaluationsforschung im Rahmen der Hochschulforschung: das Beispiel von Promotionskollegs

"In diesem Artikel werden einige zentrale Resultate eines qualitativen Forschungsprojektes dargestellt, das sich mit der Evaluation der Qualität der Promotionskollegs der Hans-Böckler-Stiftung beschäftigt hat. Nach einer Einführung in das Themengebiet Promotions- bzw. Graduiertenkollegs wird zunächst das Forschungsdesign der durchgeführten Evaluationsstudie kurz skizziert und anschließend das methodische Vorgehen an zwei Fallbeispielen exemplarisch verdeutlicht. In einem abschließenden Fazit werden weitere Ergebnisse der qualitativen Studie vorgestellt und es werden ausgehend von den eigenen Erfahrungen einige Möglichkeiten und Grenzen des Einsatzes qualitativer Verfahren in der hochschulbezogenen Evaluationsforschung diskutiert." (Autorenreferat)"Key findings of a qualitative research project dealing with the evaluation of the quality of graduate schools proposed by the Hans Böckler Foundation are presented. An introduction to the field of graduate schools is followed by a brief outline of the design of the evaluation study in question. Two Gases are examined as an illustration of the methodology used. As a conclusion, further findings of the qualitative study are presented and some affordances and constraints of qualitative approaches to evaluation research in research on higher education are discussed." (author's abstract