Parasites identified among 43 common shrews of different ages.

a<p>most likely <i>Porracaecum spirale</i><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0003413#pone.0003413-Roots1" target="_blank">[30]</a>.</p>b<p>most likely <i>Centrorhynchus</i> ( = <i>Gordiorhynchus</i>) <i>aluconis</i><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0003413#pone.0003413-Ewald1" target="_blank">[54]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0003413#pone.0003413-Roots2" target="_blank">[55]</a>.</p>c<p>Identified by egg morphology <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0003413#pone.0003413-Roots1" target="_blank">[30]</a>.</p>d<p><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0003413#pone.0003413-Roots2" target="_blank">[55]</a>.</p>e<p>not further identified.</p

Composition of the spleen in sub-adult and adult shrews.

<p>Groups of wild-caught sub-adult and adult shrew were euthanized and the spleens examined light microscopically. Micrographs show sections of spleen. A. Sub-adult shrew. The white pulp is composed of numerous large, often interconnected secondary follicles, arranged in groups. Haematoxylin-eosin stain. B. Adult shrew. The white pulp is comprised of few, small, isolated primary follicles. The red pulp contains numerous disseminated megacaryocytes (arrow). Haematoxylin-eosin stain. C. Sub-adult shrew. Closer view of a secondary follicle. The follicle exhibits a large germinal centre (GC) and a distinct mantle zone (MZ) which is surrounded by a rim of loosely arranged macrophages and neutrophils (arrow). RP - red pulp. Haematoxylin-eosin stain. D. Sub-adult shrew. Closer view of the spleen. Very numerous cells in the red pulp and cells surrounding a follicle (F) express the myeloid/histiocyte antigen. Peroxidase anti-peroxidase method, Papanicolaou's haematoxylin counterstain.</p

Functional state, size and degree of depletion of follicles in the spleen of common shrews.

<p>Lymphatic follicles in the spleen were classified as primary or secondary, and their size recorded as small, medium, or large. Level of follicle depletion was categorized as none, mild, or moderate on the basis of the cellularity of the germinal centres. A predominance of large, undeleted secondary follicles was taken as evidence of high activity. Bar height (y axis) shows percentage of sub-adult (open bars, <i>n</i> = 17) and adult (filled bars, <i>n</i> = 22) shrews within each category (x axis).</p

Antibodies and detection methods used to identify leukocytes and proliferating cells in the common shrew with references to suppliers and use in other species.

a<p><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0003413#pone.0003413-Kipar1" target="_blank">[37]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0003413#pone.0003413-Butcher1" target="_blank">[51]</a>.</p>b<p>Cedarlane, Hornby, Canada.</p>c<p><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0003413#pone.0003413-Chu1" target="_blank">[52]</a>.</p>d<p>Dako Cytomation, Ely, Cambridgeshire, UK.</p>e<p><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0003413#pone.0003413-Milner1" target="_blank">[36]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0003413#pone.0003413-Kipar3" target="_blank">[53]</a>.</p>f<p><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0003413#pone.0003413-Kipar1" target="_blank">[37]</a>.</p>g<p><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0003413#pone.0003413-Kipar3" target="_blank">[53]</a>.</p>h<p><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0003413#pone.0003413-Kipar2" target="_blank">[38]</a>–<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0003413#pone.0003413-McCormick1" target="_blank">[40]</a>.</p>i<p>ABC- avidin biotin peroxidase complex method.</p>j<p>PAP- peroxidase anti-peroxidase method.</p

Composition of the Pancreas of Aselli in sub-adult and adult shrews.

<p>Groups of wild-caught sub-adult and adult shrew were euthanized and the Pancreas of Aselli was examined. Micrographs show sections of Pancreas of Aselli. A. Sub-adult shrew. The Pancreas of Aselli exhibits features very similar to a lymph node, with a cortex composed of large secondary follicles (F), paracortex (PC) and medulla (M). Haematoxylin-eosin stain. B. Adult shrew. The cortex is reduced to a single, secondary follicle (F) and the medulla (M) is expanded and focally extends into the cortex (arrow). Haematoxylin-eosin stain. C–F. Sub-adult shrew. Cortex and paracortex. Panel C. The B cell marker CD79a is weakly expressed in the germinal centre dark zone (GC), but expressed by B cells in the light zone and follicle mantle zone (arrows). Avidin-biotin complex method. Panel D. The T cell zones (T) are almost entirely composed of CD3-positive T cells. Within germinal centres (GC) up to 10% T cells are observed. Peroxidase anti-peroxidase method. Panel E. PCNA-positive, proliferating cells are numerous in the germinal centre (GC). Peroxidase anti-peroxidase method. Panel F. Germinal centres (GC) contain numerous apoptotic cells, often located within tingible body macrophages (arrows). TUNEL method. Papanicolaou's haematoxylin counterstain. E, F. Sub-adult shrew. Medulla. The medulla is almost entirely composed of plasma cells. Panel E: Haematoxylin-eosin stain. Panel F: Transmission electron micrograph, Bar = 5 µm.</p

Behaviours performed during <i>P. argentipes</i> courtship.

<p>Behaviours performed during <i>P. argentipes</i> courtship.</p

Attractiveness of lures loaded with 10<i>L. longipalpis</i> caught in test sheds with pheromone lures minus number caught in paired control sheds with no pheromone.

<p>Box and whisker plots show median (horizontal line), interquartile range (box), maximum extreme value within 1.5 of interquartile range (whiskers) and outliers (open circles). Grey boxes indicate significantly more sand flies caught in test sheds than controls (P<0.05, Wilcoxon signed rank test, data log+1 transformed prior to analysis). ‘New’ refers to fresh lures tested one week after 12 week old lures, to confirm that significant numbers of <i>L. longipalpis</i> could still be caught at the end of the sand fly season.</p

Behaviours performed during <i>P. argentipes</i> courtship.

<p>Behaviours performed during <i>P. argentipes</i> courtship.</p

PCA component scores for 24 male and 24 female <i>P. argentipes</i>.

<p>Females had generally higher scores for component 1, while males showed greater variation in scores along component 2.</p