Exploring CALL Options for Teaching EFL in Vietnam

Research has demonstrated that computer-assisted language learning (CALL) has the capacity to enhance second language learning. Therefore, in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) contexts like Vietnam, the government has invested in computers in schools as a way to address the lack of quality in education. However, Vietnamese EFL teachers have made little or no use of these computers. The purpose of this Alternate Plan Paper (APP) is to assist Vietnamese ESL teachers in choosing appropriate CALL programs. I select some of the most effective, user-friendly, and cost-effective CALL options for language areas and language skills. The options are selected based on the availability of resources, the teachers\u27 and learners\u27 computer proficiency levels, and the Vietnamese institutional context. The recommended options are also based on my personal experience as a CALL learner and user, and a one-month observation of CALL applications in a classroom at Minnesota State University, Mankato. The paper also discusses the pedagogical principles for using the recommended options effectively and efficiently

KẾT QUẢ BƯỚC ĐẦU NGHIÊN CỨU TỐC ĐỘ LẮNG ĐỌNG, NGUỒN TRẦM TÍCH ĐÁY VỊNH HẠ LONG: DẤU HIỆU TỪ KHOÁNG VẬT SÉT, ĐỒNG VỊ 210Pb VÀ 137Cs

Ha Long bay is the World Natural Heritage, which annaually attracts a lot of foreign and domestic tourists. Nevertheless, in recent years, the landscape of Ha Long bay is devastated by many negative impacts-the shallowing of the bottom of bay is one of the great negative impacts. How is the shallowing of the bottom of Ha Long bay? What are reasons for the negative impacts? Based on the approach “source-to-sink” combined with results of clay mineral contents, results of 210Pb and 137Cs radionuclides, this study will contribute to clarifying the shallowing of the bottom of Ha Long bay. Results of smectite, illite and smectite/(illite+chlorite) ratios indicated that the sediment in Ha Long bay not only derives from the surrounding region of Ha Long bay but also derives from Red river system. Results of 210Pbex and 137Csex revealed the sedimentation rates in the Ha Long bay have varied between 0.47 - 0.75 cm/year over the last 100 years. It can be divided into four periods: period I (1920 - 1930); period II (1930 - 1960); period III (1960 - 1990); and period IV (1990 - 2011) with the average rate of 0.45 cm/year; 0.66 cm/year; 0.50 cm/year; and 0.85 cm/year respectively. The shallowing of the bottom of Ha Long bay was impacted by human activities such as building reservoirs, mining, urbanization or aquaculture etc.Vịnh Hạ Long là một trong những di sản thiên nhiên thế giới, hàng năm, vịnh thu hút nhiều du khách trong và ngoài nước. Tuy nhiên, trong những năm gần đây, cảnh quan vịnh bị tác động bởi hàng loạt các tác động tiêu cực - bồi lắng đáy vịnh là một trong những tác động tiêu cực lớn. Đáy vịnh Hạ Long bồi cạn ra sao? nguyên nhân nào gây ra? Theo cách tiếp cận từ nguồn cung cấp đến bồn lắng đọng trầm tích “source-to-sink” và phối hợp với kết quả thành phần khoáng vật sét và đồng vị phóng xạ 210Pb và 137Cs, nghiên cứu này sẽ góp phần là sáng tỏ vấn đề trên. Kết quả hàm lượng smectite, illite và chỉ số smectite/( illite+chlorite) chỉ thị: trầm tích chuyển vào vịnh Hạ Long không chỉ nhận từ vùng xung quanh vịnh mà nó còn nhận từ hệ thống sông Hồng. Kết quả 210Pb và 137Cs cho thấy: tốc độ lắng đọng trầm tích tại vịnh Hạ Long trong vòng 100 năm qua, dao động trong khoảng 0,47 - 0,75 cm/năm, và có thể chia làm 4 giai đoạn: giai đoạn I (từ năm 1920 - 1930), giai đoạn II (từ năm 1930 - 1960); giai đoạn III (1960 - 1990) và giai đoạn IV (từ năm 1990 - 2011) với tốc độ lắng đọng trung bình lần lượt là 0,45 cm/năm; 0,66 cm/năm; 0,50 cm/năm; và 0,85 cm/năm tương ứng. Các hoạt động của con người như: xây hồ chứa, khai thác mỏ, đô thị hóa, nuôi trồng thủy sản ... là nguyên nhân gây bồi cạn đáy vịnh

Late Pleistocene-Holocene sequence stratigraphy of the subaqueous Red River delta and the adjacent shelf

The model of Late Pleistocene-Holocene sequence stratigraphy of the subaqueous Red River delta and the adjacent shelf is proposed by interpretation of high-resolution seismic documents and comparison with previous research results on Holocene sedimentary evolution on the delta plain. Four units (U1, U2, U3, and U4) and four sequence stratigraphic surfaces (SB1, TS, TRS and MFS) were determined. The formation of these units and surfaces is related to the global sea-level change in Late Pleistocene-Holocene. SB1, defined as the sequence boundary, was generated by subaerial processes during the Late Pleistocene regression and could be remolded partially or significantly by transgressive ravinement processes subsequently. The basal unit U1 (fluvial formations) within incised valleys is arranged into the lowstand systems tract (LST) formed in the early slow sea-level rise ~19-14.5 cal.kyr BP, the U2 unit is arranged into the early transgressive systems tract (E-TST) deposited mainly within incised-valleys under the tide-influenced river to estuarine conditions in the rapid sea-level rise ~14.5-9 cal.kyr BP, the U3 unit is arranged into the late transgressive systems tract (L-TST) deposited widely on the continental shelf in the fully marine condition during the late sea-level rise ~9-7 cal.kyr BP, and the U4 unit represents for the highstand systems tract (HST) with clinoform structure surrounding the modern delta coast, extending to the water depth of 25-30 m, developed by sediments from the Red River system in ~3-0 cal.kyr BP.ReferencesBadley M.E., 1985. Practical Seismic Interpretation. International Human Resources Development Corporation, Boston, 266p.Bergh  G.D. 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Quantifying antimicrobial access and usage for paediatric diarrhoeal disease in an urban community setting in Asia.

OBJECTIVES: Antimicrobial-resistant infections are a major global health issue. Ease of antimicrobial access in developing countries is proposed to be a key driver of the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) epidemic despite a lack of community antimicrobial usage data. METHODS: Using a mixed-methods approach (geospatial mapping, simulated clients, healthcare utilization, longitudinal cohort) we assessed antimicrobial access in the community and quantified antimicrobial usage for childhood diarrhoea in an urban Vietnamese setting. RESULTS: The study area had a pharmacy density of 15.7 pharmacies/km2 (a pharmacy for every 1316 people). Using a simulated client method at pharmacies within the area, we found that 8% (3/37) and 22% (8/37) of outlets sold antimicrobials for paediatric watery and mucoid diarrhoea, respectively. However, despite ease of pharmacy access, the majority of caregivers would choose to take their child to a healthcare facility, with 81% (319/396) and 88% (347/396) of responders selecting a specialized hospital as one of their top three preferences when seeking treatment for watery and mucoid diarrhoea, respectively. We calculated that at least 19% (2688/14427) of diarrhoea episodes in those aged 1 to <5 years would receive an antimicrobial annually; however, antimicrobial usage was almost 10 times greater in hospitals than in the community. CONCLUSIONS: Our data question the impact of community antimicrobial usage on AMR and highlight the need for better education and guidelines for all professionals with the authority to prescribe antimicrobials

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves comparing antithrombin III and angiotensinogen markers for SD-SPL prediction.

<p>Area under the curve (AUC) for antithrombin III = 0.85, AUC for angiotensinogen = 0.83 and AUC for combination of two markers = 0.87.</p

Biological analysis of identified proteins using PANTHER classification.

<p>Biological analysis of identified proteins using PANTHER classification.</p

Characteristics of dengue patients.

<p>Characteristics of dengue patients.</p

Western-blot analysis validating iTRAQs results for angiotensinogen and antithrombin III.

<p>Representative protein bands in DWS (n = 10) and SD-SPL (n = 6) for AGT (A) and for AT III (C). Quantification of relative protein expression of AGT (B) and AT III (D), based on normalized densitometry to healthy control, *p < 0.05.</p

List of differentially expressed plasma proteins of SD-SPL compared with those of DWS (p<0.05).

<p>List of differentially expressed plasma proteins of SD-SPL compared with those of DWS (p<0.05).</p