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A comprehensive review of synthesis, structure, properties, and functionalization of MoS2; emphasis on drug delivery, photothermal therapy, and tissue engineering applications
This review article is focused on the drug delivery platforms and cancer treatment systems recently developed based on molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets. Two-dimensional MoS2 can be used as a therapeutic nanoparticle and tissue engineering scaffold for tumor healing. Structure, different synthesis methods, unique properties, and surface modification approaches of MoS2 as a newly emerging carrier for a wide range of drugs were comprehensively discussed. Numerous examples of drug delivery systems based on these carriers were introduced, and their key characteristics and highlights were compared in tables. Striking features in the two-dimensional nanostructure state like the high degree of anisotropy, mechanical strength, biocompatibility, large surface area, availability of surface modification methods for enhanced functionality, distinctive band gap structure, high absorbance in the near-infrared region, and remarkable magnetic attributes render MoS2 an ideal and attractive candidate to develop multifunctional platforms for combined chemotherapy and photothermal therapy as well as biosensing and bioimaging applications. These properties have piqued the interest of many researchers and led them to study the versatile biomedical applications of these materials, particularly drug delivery and photothermal therapy. Finally, the opportunities, remaining challenges, and future prospects ahead in this area were mapped out
Incidence and spectrum of yeast species isolated from the oral cavity of Iranian patients suffering from hematological malignancies
Background: Oral candidiasis (OC) has a profound effect on the life quality of immunocompromised patients, such as those undergoing chemotherapy. Objective: Systematic investigation of clinical outcome and microbiological features of yeast isolates recovered from the oral cavity of 150 Iranian patients with hematological malignancies. Design: MALDI-TOF MS, 21-plex PCR, and rDNA sequencing were used for identification. Antifungal susceptibility testing (broth microdilution, CLSI M27-A3/S4) and genotypic diversity of yeast isolates (amplified fragment length polymorphism) were assessed. Results: Nystatin treatment resulted in 70% therapeutic failure and administration of 150 mg fluconazole (FLZ) + nystatin for patients with OC relapse showed 70% clinical failure. Previous history of OC was significantly correlated with FLZ treatment requirement and nystatin failure (P = 0.005, α < 0.05). Candida albicans (80.3%) and Kluyveromyces marxianus (C. kefyr) (12.7%) were the two most prevalent yeast species isolated. FLZ and AMB exhibited the highest geometric mean values. 21-PCR showed 98.9% agreement with MALDI-TOF MS. K. marxianus isolates had the same genotype, while C. albicans isolates grouped in 15 genotypes. Conclusions: Marked rate of therapeutic failure of nystatin necessitated OC treatment with systemic antifungals. K. marxianus was the second most prevalent yeast and 21-plex PCR could be considered as an inexpensive identification tool