Combined effect of workplace noise and smoking on some hematological parameters on workers in a food manufacturing plant.

Generally, no industry can be found to be safe in terms of noise pollution. Noise is the wide- spread form of environmental stressor in the industrialized urban areas. Aim: the purpose of this paper is to evaluate the combined effect of workplace noise and smoking on some hematological parameters on employing work in a food manufacturing plant. This is a retrospective study before and after for five years since starting of the work. In this study, 50 male subjects participated: smokers (n=11) and nonsmokers (n=39), for further individual information and certain specific points, a developed standard questionnaire, were filled out by participants. For the past 4-year’s details, blood tests and medical records of persons since initially hired, were used. The details of the fifth year were measured by the presenters. Using the ISO protocol 1999 and 9612, workplace noise was measured and the noise map was drawn using arc-view GIS software. Statistical analysis SPSS software version 18 was investigated. Due to the nature of the study, the significance level was set at a P value ≤0.1. Statistical findings and laboratory data showed that the effect of noise and smoking on red blood cells and white blood cells of smokers and nonsmokers was significant (

The Probable Effect of Irrigation Solution and Time on Bond Strength to Coronal Dentin: An In Vitro Evaluation

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of root canal irrigants on the microtensile bond strength of 2-step self-etch adhesive to dentin. Methods and Materials: In this study 36 sound extracted human third molars were used. After grinding 3 mm of occlusal surface, teeth were randomly divided into 6 groups based on irrigation material naming normal saline, 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) and also irrigation time (5 or 30 min). Next, teeth were restored with Clearfil SE bond adhesive resin system and Z250 composite. The teeth were then thermo cycled by thermo cycling machine, for 500 cycles between 5º and 55ºC with 60 sec dwell time and 12 sec transfer time. All samples were sectioned into bucco-lingual slabs. The sections were submitted to the micro tensile testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min until fracture. Data was analyzed using the one-way ANOVA test with the level of significance set at 0.05. Results: Irrigation with normal saline, 5.25% NaOCl and 2% CHX for 5 or 30 min did not significantly change the microtensile bond strength of adhesive to dentin (P=0.729 for time and P=0.153 for material). However the maximum and minimum microtensile bond strength was attributed to normal saline (44.13 N) and NaOCl (31.29 N) groups, respectively. Conclusion: Iirrigation solution and time have no influence on microtensile bond strength of two-step self-etch adhesive to coronal dentin.Keywords: Bond Strength, Dentin, Irrigation Solution

The effect of perineal massage on labor second stage period perineal tear and its outcomes

Background and aims: Long liness second stage of labor may cause fatigue and discomfort for women. Most of the women experience perineal injury and perineal pain during vaginal delivery. Perineal pain makes the mother too weak to take care their babies. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectivness of perineal massage on labor secound stage period, intact perineal, episiotomy and intensity of perinal pain. Methods: This clinical trial study was performed on 141 nulliparous women (71 massages and 70 control group) who referred to Koohdasht Imam Khomeini hospital for normal vaginal delivery. Countinuous sampling method with random assignment was conducted. In massage group the there cervical dilatation (6-7) was used cm after dipping the pointing and middel fingers in to a lubricating substance (key jell) then dipping 4-5 cm offingers in to the vaginal of the parturing women massaging between 3 to 9 oclock alternatively. Questionnaire and code sheets were used for data collection. Data were analysied by SPSS version 14. Results: The mean length of second stage of labor in massage group was 58.16 ± 28.22 and in control group was 57.07 ± 28.93 minutes, the difference between the two groups was not significant (P=0.723). In the massage group the prevalauce of safe perineal, was 29.6%, episiotomy 32.4% and perineal tear was 38%. In the control group the prevalance of safe perineal was 11.4%, episiotomy 67.1% and perineal tear was 21.4%. Perineal pain on the third day of postpartum in massage group was 50.7% and in control group was 70% (P=0.019). Perineal pain on the tenth day postpartum in massage group was 29.6%, and in control group was 45.7% (P=0.048). There was a significant difference between the two groups comparing perineal pain, but there was no significant difference comparing the pain inteasty between the two groups (the third day P=0.036), (the thenth day P=0.390). Conclusion: The study shows that perineal massage is effective in increasing the likelihood of intact perineume and in decreasing the perineal pain

Effect of Water Deficit Stress and Seed Biopriming on the Physiological Indices and Antioxidant Activity of Tansey (Tanacetum persicum (Boiss.) Mozaff)

Growing medicinal plants is important for utilizing their drug precursors, and preserving the genetic resources and diversity in the ecosystem. Tansyis one of the medicinal plants with its valuable therapeutic and antioxidant properties. To investigate the effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on the physiological indices and antioxidant activity of tansyunder water deficit stress, a factorial pot experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design at the Experimental Farm of Shahrekord University in 2016. The factors consisted at water deficit at three levels: full irrigation (control), 75% full irrigation and 50% full irrigation; and seed biopriming treatments at seven levels: non-bacterial inoculation (control), Azotobacter chroococcum, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus sp. strain A., Bacillus sp. strain B., Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas putida. The results showed that bacterial inoculation treatments had a significant effect on all of the analyzed traits (p≤0.01). Azotobacter chroococcum inoculation had the most significant effect on chlorophyll a and carotenoids contents, biological yield, essential oil yield, and anthocyanin contents (0.020 µmol.ml-1). Bacillus sp. strain A showed a 2.5-fold increase in proline content compared to that of control, and Bacillus sp. strain B had the greatest effect on antioxidant activity (IC50 5.32 μg.ml-1). Moreover, Pseudomonas fluorescence increased the carotenoids content in 50% full irrigation treatment, and Pseudomonas putida had the highest effect on chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll contents, membrane stability, and leaf relative water content. The results revealed that the inoculation of Tansyseeds with Azotobacter and Pseudomonas bacteria, especially in deficit irrigation practices, is recommended to alleviate the adverse effects of water stress. keywords: Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria cell membrane stability Water stress Sustainable agricultur

COVID-19 trajectories among 57 million adults in England: a cohort study using electronic health records

BACKGROUND: Updatable estimates of COVID-19 onset, progression, and trajectories underpin pandemic mitigation efforts. To identify and characterise disease trajectories, we aimed to define and validate ten COVID-19 phenotypes from nationwide linked electronic health records (EHR) using an extensible framework. METHODS: In this cohort study, we used eight linked National Health Service (NHS) datasets for people in England alive on Jan 23, 2020. Data on COVID-19 testing, vaccination, primary and secondary care records, and death registrations were collected until Nov 30, 2021. We defined ten COVID-19 phenotypes reflecting clinically relevant stages of disease severity and encompassing five categories: positive SARS-CoV-2 test, primary care diagnosis, hospital admission, ventilation modality (four phenotypes), and death (three phenotypes). We constructed patient trajectories illustrating transition frequency and duration between phenotypes. Analyses were stratified by pandemic waves and vaccination status. FINDINGS: Among 57 032 174 individuals included in the cohort, 13 990 423 COVID-19 events were identified in 7 244 925 individuals, equating to an infection rate of 12·7% during the study period. Of 7 244 925 individuals, 460 737 (6·4%) were admitted to hospital and 158 020 (2·2%) died. Of 460 737 individuals who were admitted to hospital, 48 847 (10·6%) were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), 69 090 (15·0%) received non-invasive ventilation, and 25 928 (5·6%) received invasive ventilation. Among 384 135 patients who were admitted to hospital but did not require ventilation, mortality was higher in wave 1 (23 485 [30·4%] of 77 202 patients) than wave 2 (44 220 [23·1%] of 191 528 patients), but remained unchanged for patients admitted to the ICU. Mortality was highest among patients who received ventilatory support outside of the ICU in wave 1 (2569 [50·7%] of 5063 patients). 15 486 (9·8%) of 158 020 COVID-19-related deaths occurred within 28 days of the first COVID-19 event without a COVID-19 diagnoses on the death certificate. 10 884 (6·9%) of 158 020 deaths were identified exclusively from mortality data with no previous COVID-19 phenotype recorded. We observed longer patient trajectories in wave 2 than wave 1. INTERPRETATION: Our analyses illustrate the wide spectrum of disease trajectories as shown by differences in incidence, survival, and clinical pathways. We have provided a modular analytical framework that can be used to monitor the impact of the pandemic and generate evidence of clinical and policy relevance using multiple EHR sources. FUNDING: British Heart Foundation Data Science Centre, led by Health Data Research UK

Linked electronic health records for research on a nationwide cohort of more than 54 million people in England: data resource

Abstract: Objective: To describe a novel England-wide electronic health record (EHR) resource enabling whole population research on covid-19 and cardiovascular disease while ensuring data security and privacy and maintaining public trust. Design: Data resource comprising linked person level records from national healthcare settings for the English population, accessible within NHS Digital’s new trusted research environment. Setting: EHRs from primary care, hospital episodes, death registry, covid-19 laboratory test results, and community dispensing data, with further enrichment planned from specialist intensive care, cardiovascular, and covid-19 vaccination data. Participants: 54.4 million people alive on 1 January 2020 and registered with an NHS general practitioner in England. Main measures of interest: Confirmed and suspected covid-19 diagnoses, exemplar cardiovascular conditions (incident stroke or transient ischaemic attack and incident myocardial infarction) and all cause mortality between 1 January and 31 October 2020. Results: The linked cohort includes more than 96% of the English population. By combining person level data across national healthcare settings, data on age, sex, and ethnicity are complete for around 95% of the population. Among 53.3 million people with no previous diagnosis of stroke or transient ischaemic attack, 98 721 had a first ever incident stroke or transient ischaemic attack between 1 January and 31 October 2020, of which 30% were recorded only in primary care and 4% only in death registry records. Among 53.2 million people with no previous diagnosis of myocardial infarction, 62 966 had an incident myocardial infarction during follow-up, of which 8% were recorded only in primary care and 12% only in death registry records. A total of 959 470 people had a confirmed or suspected covid-19 diagnosis (714 162 in primary care data, 126 349 in hospital admission records, 776 503 in covid-19 laboratory test data, and 50 504 in death registry records). Although 58% of these were recorded in both primary care and covid-19 laboratory test data, 15% and 18%, respectively, were recorded in only one. Conclusions: This population-wide resource shows the importance of linking person level data across health settings to maximise completeness of key characteristics and to ascertain cardiovascular events and covid-19 diagnoses. Although this resource was initially established to support research on covid-19 and cardiovascular disease to benefit clinical care and public health and to inform healthcare policy, it can broaden further to enable a wide range of research

Linked electronic health records for research on a nationwide cohort of more than 54 million people in England: data resource

Abstract: Objective: To describe a novel England-wide electronic health record (EHR) resource enabling whole population research on covid-19 and cardiovascular disease while ensuring data security and privacy and maintaining public trust. Design: Data resource comprising linked person level records from national healthcare settings for the English population, accessible within NHS Digital’s new trusted research environment. Setting: EHRs from primary care, hospital episodes, death registry, covid-19 laboratory test results, and community dispensing data, with further enrichment planned from specialist intensive care, cardiovascular, and covid-19 vaccination data. Participants: 54.4 million people alive on 1 January 2020 and registered with an NHS general practitioner in England. Main measures of interest: Confirmed and suspected covid-19 diagnoses, exemplar cardiovascular conditions (incident stroke or transient ischaemic attack and incident myocardial infarction) and all cause mortality between 1 January and 31 October 2020. Results: The linked cohort includes more than 96% of the English population. By combining person level data across national healthcare settings, data on age, sex, and ethnicity are complete for around 95% of the population. Among 53.3 million people with no previous diagnosis of stroke or transient ischaemic attack, 98 721 had a first ever incident stroke or transient ischaemic attack between 1 January and 31 October 2020, of which 30% were recorded only in primary care and 4% only in death registry records. Among 53.2 million people with no previous diagnosis of myocardial infarction, 62 966 had an incident myocardial infarction during follow-up, of which 8% were recorded only in primary care and 12% only in death registry records. A total of 959 470 people had a confirmed or suspected covid-19 diagnosis (714 162 in primary care data, 126 349 in hospital admission records, 776 503 in covid-19 laboratory test data, and 50 504 in death registry records). Although 58% of these were recorded in both primary care and covid-19 laboratory test data, 15% and 18%, respectively, were recorded in only one. Conclusions: This population-wide resource shows the importance of linking person level data across health settings to maximise completeness of key characteristics and to ascertain cardiovascular events and covid-19 diagnoses. Although this resource was initially established to support research on covid-19 and cardiovascular disease to benefit clinical care and public health and to inform healthcare policy, it can broaden further to enable a wide range of research

Prevalence of Pathogenic Bacteria, Candida and Trichomonas Vaginalis among Women Referring for Papsmear in Yazd, Iran. (2015-2016)

Prevalence  of pathogenic bacteria, Candida and Trichomonas vaginalis among women referring for pap smear in Yazd, Iran.(2015-2016) Abstract Background: In this study the prevalence of vaginitis caused by bacterial pathogen, Candida and Trichomonas vaginalis was investigated in women referring for pap smear to Sina lab in Yazd , 2015-2016. Materials and methods: This study was conducted on 588 women who referred for pap smear to Sina lab in Iran during march 2015-septamber2016. Cervical and vaginal samples was obtained and examined by the Papaniocolaou Test . And the prevalence of bacterial,candida and trichomonas was determined. Results: The overall prevalence of vaginitis was 32 percent(189 cases). The age of infected individual was 37.24+_9.9 years. Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis 29%(172 cases), candida 4.25%(25 cases) and trichomonas was .34%(2 cases). Conclusion: This study showed a high prevalence of bacterial vaginosis and a low prevalence of trichomonas vaginalis. Due to adverse outcomes of disease , there is a great need for public education regarding implementation of personal  hygienic  measures  and prevention of inappropriate sexual contacts. &nbsp

Investigating the Dimensions of Victimization in Sixth-Grade Male Students and Its Association with Subjective Well-Being in School and School Bonding

Background: Victimization in schools has become one of the most prevalent problems in the worldwide education system. This study explored the dimensions of victimization in sixth-grade male students in Kermanshah City, Iran and its association with subjective well-being in school and school bonding.Methods: The current study was conducted using a descriptive correlational design. The statistical population included all male students in the sixth grade in Kermanshah City, Iran in the academic year 2022-2023. A sample of 374 individuals was selected using the multi-stage cluster random sampling method. To collect information, the Multidimensional Victimization Scale (MPVS), School Bonding Questionnaire (SBQ), and Elementary School Students’ Subjective Well-Being (ESSSWBSS) were administered. Pearson’s correlation coefficient and multiple regression were performed using SPSS version 27 to analyze the data.Results: Pearson correlation analysis revealed a significant inverse association between victimization at school and its dimensions with subjective well-being in school (r=-0.37) and school bonding (r=-0.010). Furthermore, the results of multiple regression showed that school bonding (β=-0.15, P=0.009) and subjective well-being in school (β=-0.33, P=0.031) were significant negative explanatory variables of victimization at school.Conclusions: Risky behaviors such as feeling victimized can hinder students’ educational achievements. Therefore, it is recommended that school counselors identify students who feel victimized by their peers and provide them with appropriate educational interventions and workshops to enhance their subjective well-being in school and school bonding

Explanation of the Functioning of Oral Emmenagogues in Traditional Iranian Medicine

زمینه و هدف: داروهای قاعده‌آور در طب سنتی ایران «مدر حیض» یا «مدر طمث» نامیده می‌شوند و برای درمان مواردی از احتباس حیض تجویز می‌شوند. این داروها معادل Emmenagogue در طب رایج می‌باشند. وقوف کامل به درمان‌های طب سنتی ایران نیازمند درک عمیق از چگونگی عملکرد داروها در این مکتب طبی می‌باشد. هدف از این مقاله تبیین چگونگی عملکرد داروهای قاعده‌آور در طب سنتی ایران و رسیدن به یک سری قوانین کلی برای چگونگی تأثیر آن‌ها در ایجاد خونریزی قاعدگی می‌باشد. مواد و روش‌ها: داروهای مدر حیض از کتب معتبر طب سنتی ایران استخراج شدند، کیفیت و عملکرد آن‌ها مطالعه و جمع‌آوری شد و مجموع یافته‌ها در قالب یک قانون کلی در این مقاله ارائه گردید. یافته‌ها: داروهای مدر حیض با دو عملکرد باعث ایجاد خونریزی قاعدگی می‌شوند: یکی آنکه با تغییراتی که روی خون اعمال می‌نمایند، آن را آماده خروج می‌سازند و دیگر آنکه مسیر خروج خون را باز می‌نمایند. لازمه آماده‌سازی خون برای خروج، ایجاد تسخین و تلطیف و تحریک خون می‌باشد و لازمه این افعال گرم‌بودن کیفیت غالب داروست. لازمه بازکردن مسیر این است که دارو مفتح باشد و لازمه تفتیح وجود جوهر لطیف غالب در دارو است. در این میان تنها مفرده‌ای که به گونه دیگر عمل می‌کند، «خُلّر» است که با تولید خون سوداوی و ایجاد اکراه در طبیعت، آن را وادار به اخراج این خون از بدن می‌سازد. نتیجه‌گیری: داروهای مدر حیض همگی دارای جوهر لطیف و کیفیت گرم می‌باشند و تنها در مواردی که احتباس حیض به سبب غلظت و سردی خون است، کاربرد دارند، لذا به سایر مفرداتی که این خصوصیات را ندارند، اما موجب جاری‌شدن حیض در موارد احتباس حیض با اسباب دیگری می‌شوند، مدر حیض گفته نمی‌شود.Background and Aim: Emmenagogues in Traditional Iranian Medicine are called "Moder Heiz" or "Moder Tams" and are prescribed for the treatment of some cases of menstrual bleeding cessation. Full comprehension of Traditional Iranian Medicine treatment requires a deep understanding of how drugs work in this medical doctrine. The purpose of this article is to explain how emmenagogues work in Traditional Iranian Medicine and to come up with a series of general rules for how they affect menstrual bleeding. Material and Methods: "Moder Heiz" or "Moder Tams" were extracted from valid Traditional Iranian medicine books, their quality and performance were studied and collected and the findings were presented in the form of a general rule in this paper. Findings: "Moder Heiz" drugs with two effects cause menstrual bleeding: One with changes made to the blood make it ready to go out and the other by opening the path of blood. To prepare the blood for excite it is necessary to create "taskhin" and "taltif" and "tahrik" in the blood. For these actions it is essential that the predominant quality of the drug is warm. For opening the pathway it is necessary that drug be "mofatteh" and for "taftih" it is necessary that the "latif" essence be dominant in drug. The only drug that has any other act is "khollar" which by creating soda blood and forcing nature to expel such blood causes menses. Conclusion: "Moder Heiz" drugs all have the subtle (latif) essence and warm quality, and are useful only in cases where cessation of menstrual bleeding is due to the concentration and coldness of blood. Therefore other drugs which do not have these characteristics, but cause menstrual bleeding in cases where cessation of menstrual bleeding is due to other causes, are not called "Moder Heiz".   Please cite this article as: Danesh AS, Shafiee M, Nojavan F. Explanation of the Functioning of Oral Emmenagogues in Traditional Iranian Medicine. Med Hist J 2018; 10(35): 21-31